There is a longing

Anne Quigley

Refrain
There is a longing in our hearts, O Lord,
for you to reveal yourself to us.
There is a longing in our hearts
for love we only find in you, our God.

1. For justice, for freedom,
for mercy: hear our prayer.
In sorrow, in grief:
be near, hear our prayer, O God.

2. For wisdom, for courage,
for comfort: hear our prayer.
In weakness, in fear:
be near, hear our prayer, O God.

3. For healing, for wholeness,
for new life: hear our prayer.
In sickness, in death:
be near, hear our prayer, O God.

4. Lord save us, take pity,
light in our darkness.
We call you, we wait:
be near, hear our prayer, O God.

Gesta Dei Per Francos

Gesta Dei Per Francos
(Deeds of God through the Franks)

Author: Guibert de Nogent
Translator: Robert Levine

The letter of Guibert to Lysiard

Some of my friends have often asked me why I do not sign this little work with my own name; until now I have refused, out of fear of sullying a pious history with the name of hateful person. However, thinking that the story, splendid in itself, might become even more splendid if attached to the name of a famous man, I have finally decided to attach it to you. Thus I have placed a most pleasing lamp in front of the work of an obscure author. For, since your ancient lineage is accompanied by a knowledge of literature, as well an unusual serenity and moral probity, one may justly believe that God in his foresight wanted the dignity of the bishop's office to honor the gift of such reverence. By embracing your name, the little work that follows may flourish: crude in itself, it may be made agreeable by the love of the one to whom it is written, and made stronger by the authority of the office by which you stand above others.


http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4370

Gesta Romanorum

De sequenda ratione

Erat quidam imperator potens sed tyrannus, qui quandam puellam, regis filiam, pulchram valde, desponsavit. Facta desponsatione ambo adinvicem iuramentum fecerunt, quod, si quis eorum prius moreretur, alter prae nimio amore se ipsum occideret.

Accidit semel, quod imperator iste ad partes longinquas se transtulit et diu moram ibidem traxit. Volens probare uxorem ad eam nuntium destinavit, ut ei de morte sua diceret. Audiens hoc uxor propter iuramentum, quod ante fecerat viro suo, de alto monte se praecipitavit, ut moreretur. Verumtamen mortua non est, sed infra breve tempus sanitati est restituta. Deinde iterato se ipsam volebat praecipitare, ut moreretur.

Pater eius hoc audiens ei praecepit, ut praecepto et iuramento viri non oboediret. Illa vero nolebat consentire. Ait pater: "Ex quo non vis mihi consentire et oboedire, celeriter extra societatem meam exeas!" At illa: "Nolo, et hoc per talem rationem probo. Cum autem quis iuramento est obligatus, tenetur adimplere. Ego iuravi viro meo, quod pro eius amore me ipsam occiderem. Ideo non deliqui, si iuramentum implere volo; ergo extra societatem tuam non debeo expelli. Item nullus debet puniri pro eo, quod est commendabile. Sed cum vir et uxor sint unum in carne secundum deum, commendabile est, quod uxor pro amore viri sui moriatur. Unde in India aliquando erat lex, quod uxor post mortem viri sui prae dolore et amore se ipsam comburere deberet, vel viva cum eo in sepulcrum poni. Et ideo, ut mihi videtur, non deliqui, quando me ipsam interficio propter amorem viri mei."

Ait pater: "Quando prius dixisti, quod obligata iuramento fuisti etc., tale obligamentum non valet, quia praetendit ad malum finem, scilicet ad mortem. Iuramentum semper debet esse rationabile et ideo iuramentum tuum nullum est. Ad aliam rationem, quando dixisti, quod istud est commendabile, quod uxor moriatur pro viro, non valet, quia, licet sint unum in corpore per carnalem affectionem, tamen in anima duo sunt, quae abinvicem realiter differunt. Et ideo non valet, quod allegasti." Puella haec audiens non poterat ulterius arguere, sed dictis patris adhaesit, nec ulterius se ipsam praecipitare volebat, nec amplius viro suo copulari.

http://www.klassphil.uni-muenchen.de/~waiblinger/texte/gesta.html

York Mystery Plays

The York Mystery Plays are a cycle of forty-eight Mystery Plays, or pageants, which cover sacred history from the creation to the Last Judgement, which were traditionally presented on the feast day of Corpus Christi. They were performed in the city of York, England from the Middle Ages until 1569.

1. The Barkers' Play: The Fall of the Angels

God

Ego sum Alpha et nouissimus.

1: I am gracyus and grete, God withoutyn begynnyng,
I am maker vnmade, all mighte es in me;
I am lyfe and way vnto welth-wynnyng,
I am formaste and fyrste, als I byd sall it be.
My blyssyng o ble sall be blendyng,
And heldand, fro harme to be hydande,
My body in blys ay abydande,
Vnendande, withoutyn any endyng.

Sen I am maker vnmade and most es of mighte,
And ay sall be endeles and noghte es but I,
Vnto my dygnyté dere sall diewly be dyghte
A place full of plenté to my plesyng at ply;
And therewith als wyll I haue wroght
Many dyuers doynges bedene,
Whilke warke sall mekely contene,
And all sall be made euen of noghte.

But onely the worthely warke of my wyll
In my sprete sall enspyre the mighte of me;
And in the fyrste, faythely, my thoghte to fullfyll,
Baynely in my blyssyng I byd at here be
A blys al-beledande abowte me,
In the whilke blys I byde at be here
Nyen ordres of aungels full clere,
In louyng ay-lastande at lowte me.


http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/AnoYork.html
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~reed/yorkplays/york.html

Alma Redemptoris Mater

Latīna

Alma Redemptoris Mater,
quae pervia caeli
porta manes et stella maris,
succurre cadenti,
Sugere qui currat, populo:
tu quae genuisti, Natura mirante
tuum sanctum Genitorem
Virgo prius ac posterius
Gabrielis ab ore Sumens illud Ave,
peccatorum miserere.

V. Angelus Domini nuntiavit Mariae
R. Et concepit de Spiritu Sancto.

Oremus:
Gratiam tuam quæsumus, Domine, mentibus nostris infunde; ut qui, angelo nuntiante, Christi Filii tui Incarnationem cognovimus, per passionem ejus et crucem, ad resurrectionis gloriam perducamur.
Per eumdem Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.


English

Loving Mother of the Redeemer,
that passage to heaven,
gate of the morning and star of the sea,
assist to the fallen
lift up, [you] who cure, the people:
you who bore to the wonderment of Nature
to your holy Creator,
Virgin before and after,
from the mouth of Gabriel you received that Hail,
have mercy on us sinners.

V. The Angel of the Lord declared unto Mary
R. And she conceived by the Holy Ghost.

Let us pray:
Pour forth we beseech Thee, O Lord, Thy grace into our hearts, that we to whom the Incarnation of Christ, Thy Son, was made known by the message of an angel, may, by His passion and cross, be brought to the glory of his Resurrection; through the same Christ, our Lord. Amen.


Español

Madre del Redentor,
pasaje al cielo,
puerta de la mañana y estrella del mar,
ayuda a los caídos
levanta, tu que curas, al pueblo.
Ante el asombro de la naturaleza,
engendraste a tu santo Creador,
virgen antes y después,
de la boca de Gabriel recibiste el ave,
ten piedad de los pecadores.

R. El Angel del Señor anunció a María
V. Y concibió por obra del Espíritu Santo.

Oremos:
Infunde Señor, te rogamos, tu gracia en nosotros: que como conocimos la encarnación de Cristo, tu Hijo, por el mensaje de un Angel, asi también por su pasión y cruz seamos llevados a la gloria de su resurrección. Por Cristo Nuestro Señor. Amén.

Roman Empire 400 A.D.

Roman Empire

400 A.D.

Occidens

proconsulatus Africa
Africa

praefectura Italia

dioecesis Italia
Aemilia
Alpes cottiae
Flaminia & Picenum annonarium
Liguria
Raetia I
Raetia II
Venetia & Histria

dioecesis Urbs Roma
Apulia & Calabria
Campania
Corsica
Lucania & Bruttii
Picenum suburbicarium
Samnium
Sardinia
Sicilia
Tuscia & Umbria
Valeria

dioecesis Illyricum
Dalmatia
Noricum mediterraneum
Noricum ripense
Pannonia I
Pannonia II
Savia
Valeria

dioecesis Africa
Africa
Byzacium
Mauretania caesariensis
Mauretania sitifensis
Numidia
Tripolitana

praefectura Galliae

dioecesis Hispaniae
Baetica
Baleares insulae
Carthaginiensis
Gallaecia
Lusitania
Tarraconensis
Tingitania

dioecesis Septem prouinciae
Alpes maritimae
Aquitanica I
Aquitanica II
Narbonensis I
Narbonensis II
Novempopuli
Viennensis

dioecesis Galliae
Alpes poeninae et graiae
Belgica I
Belgica II
Germania I
Germania II
Lugdunensis I
Lugdunensis II
Lugdunensis senonia
Lugdunensis III
Maxima sequanorum

dioecesis Britanniae
Britannia I
Britannia II
Flavia caesariensis
Maxima caesariensis
Valentia


Oriens

proconsulatus Asia
Asia
Hellespontus
Insulae

proconsulatus Achaia
Achaia

praefectura Oriens

dioecesis Aegyptus
Aegyptus
Arcadia
Augustamnica
Libya inferior
Libya superior
Thebais

dioecesis Oriens
Arabia
Cilicia
Cilicia II
Cyprus
Euphratensis
Isauria
Mesopotamia
Osrhoena
Palaestina
Palaestina salutaris
Palaestina II
Phoenice
Phoenice Libanensis
Syria
Syria salutaris

dioecesis Asiana
Caria
Hellespontus
Insulae
Lycaonia
Lycia
Lydia
Pamphylia
Phrygia pacatiana
Phrygia salutaris
Pisidia

dioecesis Pontica
Armenia I
Armenia II
Bithynia
Cappadocia I
Cappadocia II
Galatia
Galatia salutaris
Helenopontus
Honorias
Paphlagonia
Pontus polemoniacus

dioecesis Thracia
Europa
Haemimontus
Moesia II
Rhodope
Scythia
Thracia

praefectura Illyricum

dioecesis Macedonia
Creta
Epirus nova
Epirus vetus
Macedonia
Thessalia

dioecesis Dacia
Dacia mediterranea
Dacia ripensis
Dardania
Moesia I
Praevalitana

More:

Roman Empire in 120 A.D.
Territorial evolution of the Roman Empire.
Maps of the Holy Roman Empire.

Roman Empire 120 A.D.

Roman Empire 120 A.D.

Provinces:

1) Baetica (Hispania)
2) Lusitania (Hispania)
3) Tarraconesis (Hispania)
4) Narbonensis (Gallia)
5) Aquitania (Gallia)
6) Lugdunensis (Gallia)
7) Belgica (Gallia)
8) Britannia
9) Germania Inferior
10) Germania Superior
11) Langobardi/Cherusci/Sugambri
12) Rhaetia
13) Italia
14) Sicilia (Italia)
15) Corsica and Sardinia
16) Alpes Penninae (Gallia)
17) Alpes Cottiae (Gallia)
18) Alpes Maritimae (Gallia)
19) Noricum
20) Pannonia
21) Dalmatia
22) Dacia
23) Moesia
24) Thracia
25) Macedonia
26) Epirus
27) Achaea
28) Asia
29) Bithynia
30) Galatia
31) Lycaonia
32) Lycia
33) Pisidia
34) Pamphylia
35) Cyprus
36) Cilicia
37)Cappadocia
38) Pontus
39) Armenia Inferior
40) Sophene
41) Osroene
42) Commagene
43) Armenia
44) Assyria
45) Mesopotamia
46) Syria
47) Judaea (Palaestina)
48) Arabia Petraea
49) Aegyptus
50) Cyrenaica
51) Numidia
52) Africa
53) Mauretania
54) Baleares (Hispania)


More:

Roman Empire in 400 A.D.
Territorial evolution of the Roman Empire.
Maps of the Holy Roman Empire.

Maps of Spain

SPQR

SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus
Roman Empire

100 B.C.

40 B.C.

120 A.D.

3^rd Century

211

250

294

306

395

400

526

526-600

More:

Roman Empire in 120 A.D.
Roman Empire in 400 A.D.
Maps of the Holy Roman Empire.

Benedicam Dominum in omni tempore

"I sought the LORD, and He answered me, And delivered me from all my fears."


Psalm 34
(New American Standard Bible)

The LORD, a Provider and Deliverer.
A Psalm of David when he feigned madness before Abimelech, who drove him away and he departed.

1 I will bless the LORD at all times;
His praise shall continually be in my mouth.
2 My soul will make its boast in the LORD;
The humble will hear it and rejoice.
3 O magnify the LORD with me,
And let us exalt His name together.
4 I sought the LORD, and He answered me,
And delivered me from all my fears.
5 They looked to Him and were radiant,
And their faces will never be ashamed.
6 This poor man cried, and the LORD heard him
And saved him out of all his troubles.
7 The angel of the LORD encamps around those who fear Him,
And rescues them.
8 O taste and see that the LORD is good;
How blessed is the man who takes refuge in Him!
9 O fear the LORD, you His saints;
For to those who fear Him there is no want.
10 The young lions do lack and suffer hunger;
But they who seek the LORD shall not be in want of any good thing.
11 Come, you children, listen to me;
I will teach you the fear of the LORD.
12 Who is the man who desires life
And loves length of days that he may see good?
13 Keep your tongue from evil
And your lips from speaking deceit.
14 Depart from evil and do good;
Seek peace and pursue it.
15 The eyes of the LORD are toward the righteous
And His ears are open to their cry.
16 The face of the LORD is against evildoers,
To cut off the memory of them from the earth.
17 The righteous cry, and the LORD hears
And delivers them out of all their troubles.
18 The LORD is near to the brokenhearted
And saves those who are [a]crushed in spirit.
19 Many are the afflictions of the righteous,
But the LORD delivers him out of them all.
20 He keeps all his bones,
Not one of them is broken.
21 Evil shall slay the wicked,
And those who hate the righteous will be condemned.
22 The LORD redeems the soul of His servants,
And none of those who take refuge in Him will be condemned.

Footnotes:

[a] Psalm 34:18 Or contrite


Psalmi 33
(Vulgata Clementina)

1 Davidi, cum immutavit vultum suum coram Achimelech, et dimisit eum, et abiit.
2 Benedicam Dominum in omni tempore;
semper laus ejus in ore meo.
3 In Domino laudabitur anima mea:
audiant mansueti, et lætentur.
4 Magnificate Dominum mecum,
et exaltemus nomen ejus in idipsum.
5 Exquisivi Dominum, et exaudivit me;
et ex omnibus tribulationibus meis eripuit me.
6 Accedite ad eum, et illuminamini;
et facies vestræ non confundentur.
7 Iste pauper clamavit, et Dominus exaudivit eum,
et de omnibus tribulationibus ejus salvavit eum.
8 Immittet angelus Domini in circuitu timentium eum,
et eripiet eos.
9 Gustate et videte quoniam suavis est Dominus;
beatus vir qui sperat in eo.
10 Timete Dominum, omnes sancti ejus,
quoniam non est inopia timentibus eum.
11 Divites eguerunt, et esurierunt;
inquirentes autem Dominum non minuentur omni bono.
12 Venite, filii; audite me:
timorem Domini docebo vos.
13 Quis est homo qui vult vitam;
diligit dies videre bonos?
14 Prohibe linguam tuam a malo,
et labia tua ne loquantur dolum.
15 Diverte a malo, et fac bonum;
inquire pacem, et persequere eam.
16 Oculi Domini super justos,
et aures ejus in preces eorum.
17 Vultus autem Domini super facientes mala,
ut perdat de terra memoriam eorum.
18 Clamaverunt justi, et Dominus exaudivit eos;
et ex omnibus tribulationibus eorum liberavit eos.
19 Juxta est Dominus iis qui tribulato sunt corde,
et humiles spiritu salvabit.
20 Multæ tribulationes justorum;
et de omnibus his liberabit eos Dominus.
21 Custodit Dominus omnia ossa eorum:
unum ex his non conteretur.
22 Mors peccatorum pessima;
et qui oderunt justum delinquent.
23 Redimet Dominus animas servorum suorum,
et non delinquent omnes qui sperant in eo.

Holy Week (Hebdomada Sancta)

• Palm Sunday, Yew Sunday, Branch Sunday
• Holy Monday
• Holy Tuesday
• Holy Wednesday, Spy Wednesday, Great Wednesday
• Maundy Thursday, Holy Thursday, Great Thursday
• Good Friday, Holy Friday, Long Friday, Great Friday, High Friday, Passion Friday
• Holy Saturday, Easter Eve, Low Saturday, Black Saturday, Saturday of Glory, White Saturday
• Easter, the Sunday of the Resurrection, Pascha, Resurrection Day

Triduum is the three days from the evening of Holy Thursday (or Maundy Thursday) to the evening of Easter Sunday. The Triduum begins with the evening Mass of the Lord's Supper (or, where this is not celebrated, Vespers of Holy Thursday) and ends after Vespers at sunset on Easter Day.

Hugh of Lincoln

Lord, forgive what we have been,
amend what we are,
and direct what we shall be.

The Ballad of Little Sir Hugh
Showing the cruelty of a Jew's daughter

FOUR and twenty bonny boys
Were playing at the ba'[1],
And up it stands him sweet Sir Hugh,
The flower among them a'.

He kicked the ba' there wi' his foot,
And keppit it wi' his knee,
Till even in at the Jew's window
He gart the bonny ba' flee.

He’s doen[2] him to the Jew’s castell,
And walk’d it round about;
And there he saw the Jew’s daughter
At the window looking out.

"Cast out the ba' to me, fair maid,
Cast out the ba' to me."
"Never a bit," says the Jew's daughter,
Till ye come up to me."

"Come up, sweet Hugh, come up, dear Hugh,
Come up and get the ba'."
"I winna come, I mayna come,
Without my bonny boys a'."

She's ta'en her to the Jew's garden,
Where the grass grew lang and green,
She's pu'd an apple red and white,
To wyle[3] the bonny boy in.

She's wyled him in through ae chamber,
She's wyled him in through twa,
She's wyled him into the third chamber,
And that was the warst o' a'.

She's tied the little boy, hands and feet,
She's pierced him wi' a knife,
She's caught his heart's blood in a golden cup,
And twinn'd him o' his life.

She row'd[4] him in a cake o' lead,
Bade him lie still and sleep,
She cast him in a deep draw-well
Was fifty fathom deep.

When bells were rung, and mass was sung,
And every bairn went hame,
Then ilka lady had her young son,
But Lady Helen had nane.

She row'd her mantle her about,
And sair, sair 'gan she weep;
And she ran unto the Jew's house,
When they were all asleep.

"My bonny Sir Hugh, my pretty Sir Hugh,
I pray thee to me speak!"
"Lady Helen, come to the deep draw-well
'Gin[5] ye your son wad seek."

Lady Helen ran to the deep draw-well,
And knelt upon her knee:
"My bonny Sir Hugh, an ye be here,
I pray thee speak to me!"

"The lead is wondrous heavy, mither,
The well is wondrous deep;
A keen penknife sticks in my heart,
It is hard for me to speak.

"Gae hame, gae hame, my mither dear,
Fetch me my winding-sheet;
And at the back o' merry Lincoln,
It's there we twa shall meet."

Now Lady Helen she's gane hame,
Made him a winding-sheet;
And at the back o' merry Lincoln,
The dead corpse did her meet.

And a' the bells o' merry Lincoln
Without men's hands were rung;
And a' the books o' merry Lincoln
Were read without men's tongue:
Never was such a burial
Sin' Adam's days begun.

[1] Ball, football.
[2] Betaken.
[3] Entice.
[4] Wrapped.
[5] If.

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Saint_Hugh_of_Lincoln

You'll never get away from the sound of the woman who loves you

Silver Springs
Fleetwood Mac singing Stevie Nick

You could be my silver spring
Blue-green colors flashing
I would be your only dream
Your shining over ocean crashing

Don't say that she's pretty
And did you say that she loved you
Baby I don't want to know

So I begin not to love you
Turn 'round, see me running
I say I loved you years ago
But tell myself you never loved me no

And don't say that she's pretty
And did you say that she loved you
Baby I don't want to know

Oh no
And can you tell me was it worth it
Baby I don't want to know

Time cast a spell on you
But you won't forget me
I know I could have loved you
But you would not let me

Time cast a spell on you
But you won't forget me
I know I could have loved you
But you would not let me

I follow you down 'till the sound
Of my voice will haunt you
(Give me just a chance)
You'll never get away from the sound
Of the woman who loves you
(Was I just a fool)

I follow you down 'till the sound
Of my voice will haunt you
(Give me just a chance)
You'll never get away from the sound
Of the woman who loves you
(Was I just a fool)

Song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkELfUO8jBM
Live video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pi5op_zOqzg

Ordo Regum Christianorum

Established by Pope Julius II in 1504.

Ordo Regum

1. Imperator
2. Rex Romanorum
3. Rex Franciae
4. Rex Hispaniae
5. Rex Aragoniae
6. Rex Portugalliae
7. Rex Angliae (discors cum tribus predictis)
8. Rex Siciliae (contendit cum Rege Portugallie)
9. Rex Scotiae
10. Rex Hungariae (fuit questio anno 1487)
11. Rex Navarrae
12. Rex Cipri
13. Rex Bohemiae
14. Rex Poloniae
15. Rex Daniae

Ordo Ducum

1. Dux Britanniae
2. Dux Burgundiae
3. Dux Bavariae, comes Palatinus
4. Dux Saxoniae
5. Marchio Brandenburgensis
6. Dux Austriae
7. Dux Sabaudiae
8. Dux Florentiae
9. Dux Mediolani
10. Dux Venetiarum
11. Dux Bavariae
12. Duces Franciae, Lotharingiae, Borboniae, Aurelianensis
13. Dux Januae (seu Genuae)
14. Dux Ferrariae

Proposed by Jean Rousset de Missy ca. 1740

1. Holy Roman Emperor
2. King of the Romans
3. King of France
4. King of Spain
5. King of Aragon
6. King of Portugal
7. King of England
8. King of Scotland
9. King of Sicily
10. King of Hungary
11. King of Cyprus (held by Savoy)
12. King of Bohemia
13. King of Poland
14. King of Denmark
15. Republic of Venice
16. Duke of Brittany
17. Duke of Burgundy
18. Count Palatine
19. Elector of Saxony
20. Margrave of Brandenburg
21. Archduke of Austria
22. Duke of Savoy
23. Grand-Duke of Tuscany
24. Duke of Milan
25. Duke of Bavaria
26. Duke of Lorraine
27. Other Italian princes
28. Roman families of Colonna and Ursini
29. Pope's nephew
30. Cities of Bologna and Ferrara (alternating)

http://imperialcollegeofprincesandcounts.org/_wsn/page5.html
http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/nations.htm

Mexico, 1824

Deutschland 1815-1917

Germany 1815-1917

1815-1866

1815-1866

1866-1871

1871-1917

More:

Maps of the Holy Roman Empire

Bestiary of the Kingdom of Chile

Bestiary of the Kingdom of Chile (Bestiario del Reyno de Chile) by Renzo Pecchenino Raggi, Lukas.

Available free on http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0007189.pdf

An excerpt:

En la coordenada horizontal, el Bestiario se divide en 3 grandes grupos, definidos por la etapa evolutiva de cada especimen: las Bestias Básicas, las Bestias Vernáculas y las Bestias Típicas.

Los cabros y cabras son, como se ha dicho, pupas o crisálidas de las bestias adultas. Forman, pues, el grupo de Bestias Básicas. Llegados a la edad-del-pavo, mediante misteriosos mecánismos biológicos pasan a tomar uno de los tres estados clásicos del Bestiario Chileno: cabros-choros, cabros-vacas y cabros-pajarones. Convertidos en adultos, del cabro-choro, sale un gallo-choro, del cabro-vaca un gallo-vaca y del cabro-pajarón un gallo-pajarón o pajarón a secas, como se le denomina. Estas son las Bestias Vernáculas.

De allí en adelante, cada uno de estos brutos el choro, el vaca y el pajarón se cruzan con las distintas gallas, cuyas proles no mantienen una completa uniformidad de plumaje o caracteres sino que van variando y diferenciándose entre si ante el impacto de condiciones climatéricas o sociales distintas, Resulta fácil comprender que los enormes contrastes de ambiente representados por los 38" de latitud que alcanza el país y el brusco descenso desde los 6.000 metros de altura hasta las orillas del mar, hayan creado nuevas razas y sub-especies. A éstas las hemos agrupado en las Bestias Típicas.

Crafting an empire

United States of America
USA
Territorial growth

1763

1783-1803

1775

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1900

1920

Christ in Majesty (Deesis)

Deesis - A Greek work, literally meaning an instance of "calling on God to witness." In art, it is traditionally a representation in Byzantine art of Christ enthroned and flanked by the Virgin Mary, St. John the Baptist, and angels, often found on an iconostasis (http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/D.html).

Christ in Majesty with the four evangelist in the Musée de Cluny, Paris

Christ in Majesty in the Codex Bruchsal

Christ in Majesty in the Aberdeen Bestiary (http://www.abdn.ac.uk/bestiary/intro.hti). This page has no text and links the Creation sequence with the business of the Bestiary. It reflects the eternity and immanence of God's creation. Christ in Majesty is seated on a throne in a quadrilobe mandorla with his feet on the rainbow. He wears a blue gown with a red cloak and has no beard. His right hand is raised in blessing and his left holds a book. Four angels support the mandorla, their bodies twisted in energetic contortions. The four tetramorphs are represented in roundels in the corners. The Biblical texts for this image are Revelation 4-5, Matthew 25:31

Matthew 25:31 (New American Standard Bible)

31 "But when the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all the angels with Him, then He will sit on His glorious throne.

Revelation 4-5 (New American Standard Bible)

Revelation 4

Scene in Heaven

1 After these things I looked, and behold, a door standing open in heaven, and the first voice which I had heard, like the sound of a trumpet speaking with me, said, "Come up here, and I will show you what must take place after these things."

2 Immediately I was [a] in the Spirit; and behold, a throne was standing in heaven, and One sitting on the throne.

3 And He who was sitting was like a jasper stone and a sardius in appearance; and there was a rainbow around the throne, like an emerald in appearance.

4 Around the throne were twenty-four thrones; and upon the thrones I saw twenty-four elders sitting, clothed in white garments, and (R)golden crowns on their heads.

The Throne and Worship of the Creator

5 Out from the throne come flashes of lightning and sounds and peals of thunder And there were seven lamps of fire burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God;

6 and before the throne there was something like a sea of glass, like crystal; and in the center and around the throne, four living creatures full of eyes in front and behind.

7 The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like that of a man, and the fourth creature was like a flying eagle.

8 And the four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within; and day and night they do not cease to say, "HOLY, HOLY, HOLY is THE LORD GOD, THE ALMIGHTY, WHO WAS AND WHO IS AND WHO IS TO COME."

9 And when the living creatures give glory and honor and thanks to Him who sits on the throne, to Him who lives forever and ever,

10 the twenty-four elders will fall down before Him who sits on the throne, and will worship Him who lives forever and ever, and will cast their crowns before the throne, saying,

11 "Worthy are You, our Lord and our God, to receive glory and honor and power; for You created all things, and because of Your will they existed, and were created."

Revelation 5

The Book with Seven Seals

1 I saw in the right hand of Him who sat on the throne a book written inside and on the back, sealed up with seven seals.

2 And I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, "Who is worthy to open the book and to break its seals?"

3 And no one in heaven or on the earth or under the earth was able to open the book or to look into it.

4 Then I began to weep greatly because no one was found worthy to open the book or to look into it;

5 and one of the elders said to me, "Stop weeping; behold, the Lion that is from the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has overcome so as to open the book and its seven seals."

6 And I saw [b]between the throne (with the four living creatures) and the elders a Lamb standing, as if slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God, sent out into all the earth.

7 And He came and took the book out of the right hand of Him who sat on the throne.

8 When He had taken the book, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, each one holding a harp and golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints.

9 And they sang a new song, saying, "Worthy are You to take the book and to break its seals; for You were slain, and purchased for God with Your blood men from every tribe and tongue and people and nation.

10 "You have made them to be a kingdom and priests to our God; and they will reign upon the earth."

Angels Exalt the Lamb

11 Then I looked, and I heard the voice of many angels around the throne and the living creatures and the elders; and the number of them was myriads of myriads, and thousands of thousands,

12 saying with a loud voice, "Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power and riches and wisdom and might and honor and glory and blessing."

13 And every created thing which is in heaven and on the earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all things in them, I heard saying, "To Him who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb, be blessing and honor and glory and dominion forever and ever."

14 And the four living creatures kept saying, "Amen " And the elders fell down and worshiped.

Footnotes:

[a] Revelation 4:2 Or in spirit
[b] Revelation 5:6 Lit in the middle of the throne and of the four living creatures, and in the middle of the elders

Vesica piscis

The vesica piscis is a symbol made from two circles of the same radius, intersecting in such a way that the center of each circle lies on the circumference of the other. The name literally means the bladder of the fish in Latin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesica_Piscis).

Vesica piscis

The mathematical ratio of its width (measured to the endpoints of the "body", not including the "tail") to its height was reportedly believed by them to be 265:153. In reality is equal to the square root of 3 (1.73205...).

153 is also the number of fishes caught by Christ.

John 21:11 (New American Standard Bible)
11 Simon Peter went up and drew the net to land, full of large fish, a hundred and fifty-three; and although there were so many, the net was not torn.

From the New American Bible: "The exact number 153 is probably meant to have a symbolic meaning in relation to the apostles' universal mission; Jerome claims that Greek zoologist catalogued 153 species of fish. Or 153 is the sum of the numbers from 1 to 17. Others invoque Ez 47, 10."

Christ in Majesty (Deesis) with a vesica piscis shown in the Codex Bruchsal

From "The Unknown Eros" by Coventry Patmore (1823-1896)

XXIV. VESICA PISCIS.

In strenuous hope I wrought,
And hope seem'd still betray'd;
Lastly I said,
'I have labour'd through the Night, nor yet
Have taken aught;
But at Thy word I will again cast forth the net!'
And, lo, I caught
(Oh, quite unlike and quite beyond my thought,)
Not the quick, shining harvest of the Sea,
For food, my wish,
But Thee!
Then, hiding even in me,
As hid was Simon's coin within the fish,
Thou sigh'd'st, with joy, 'Be dumb,
Or speak but of forgotten things to far-off times to come.'

Two Great Hispanic Cities

From Civitates orbis terrarum I and II
Braun and Hogenberg (1572, 1575)http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/mapmakers/braun_hogenberg.html

Santander, España

México, Nueva España

Cities of Germany

From "Civitates orbis terrarum" of Braun and Hogenberg (1572)

Braunschweig, Niedersachsen

Frankfurt am Main, Hessen

Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen

Leipzig, Sachsen

Lüneburg, Niedersachsen

Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt

Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz

Marburg, Hessen

München, Bayern

Speyer, Rheinland-Pfalz

Weimar, Thüringen

Wittenberg, Sachsen-Anhalt

More maps in http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/mapmakers/braun_hogenberg.html

Se7en

The seven capital sins and the seven capital virtues

Sin	Virtue	Importance
Superbia (pride)	Humilitas (humility)	1o
Invidia (envy)	Humanitas (kindness)	2o
Ira (wrath)	Patientia (patience)	3o
Acedia (sloth)	Industria (diligence)	4o
Avaritia (greed)	Liberalitas (liberality)	5o
Gula (gluttony)	Frenum (abstinence)	6o
Luxury (lust)	Castitas (chastity)	7o

Jeroen van Aken (Hieronymus Bosch)
The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things

• Four cardinal virtues: Iustitia (Justice), Fortitudo (Fortitude), Sapientia (Prudence), and Temperantia (Temperance).
• Three theological virtues: Fide (πίστις, Faith), Spes (ἐλπίς, Hope), and Caritas (ἀγάπη, Charity).
• Four last things: Death, Judgment, Hell, and Heaven.
  

The opposite of Hope is Despair or Hopelessness (desesperanza).

The polyglot

Español:
Juan 3:16 Porque de tal manera amó Dios al mundo, que ha dado a su Hijo unigénito, para que todo aquel que en él cree, no se pierda, mas tenga vida eterna.

English:
John 3:16 For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.

Português:
João 3:16 Porque Deus amou o mundo de tal maneira que deu o seu Filho unigênito, para que todo aquele que nele crê não pereça, mas tenha a vida eterna.

Deutsch:
Johannes 3:16 Denn so hat Gott die Welt geliebt, daß er seinen eingeborenen Sohn gab, damit jeder, der an ihn glaubt, nicht verloren gehe, sondern ewiges Leben habe.

Italiano:
Giovanni 3:16 Poiché Dio ha tanto amato il mondo, che ha dato il suo unigenito Figlio, affinché chiunque crede in lui non perisca, ma abbia vita eterna.

Français:
Jean 3:16Car Dieu a tant aimé le monde qu'il a donné son Fils unique, afin que quiconque croit en lui ne périsse point, mais qu'il ait la vie éternelle.

Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική:
ΙΩΑΝΝΗΝ 3:16 ουτως γαρ ηγαπησεν ο θεος τον κοσμον ωστε τον υιον αυτου τον μονογενη εδωκεν ινα πας ο πιστευων εις αυτον μη αποληται αλλ εχη ζωην αιωνιον

Latīna:
Joannes 3:16 Sic enim Deus dilexit mundum, ut Filium suum unigenitum daret : ut omnis qui credit in eum, non pereat, sed habeat vitam æternam.

Stupor Mundi

Stupor mundi
Wonder of the world
das Erstaunen der Welt
El pasmo o asombro del mundo

Frederick (Friedrich) II Hohenstaufen (December 26, 1194 in Jesi bei Ancona; December 13, 1250 in Castel Fiorentino bei Lucera)
King of Sicily, King of Cyprus and Jerusalem, King of Italy, King of Germany and Emperor of the Romans

Frederick and the eagle

Statue

Augustale

In popular media

Setting a trap for King Richard I Lionheart
http://www.schnappmedia.com/article/the-german-emperor-rejoiced

Celebrating the feat
http://www.schnappmedia.com/article/the-german-emperor-rejoiced

Verba mea auribus percipe, Domine

In Latin, English, and Spanish.

Latīna

Psalmorum 5
(Vulgata Clementina)

1 In finem, pro ea quæ hæreditatem consequitur. Psalmus David.

2 Verba mea auribus percipe, Domine;
intellige clamorem meum.

3 Intende voci orationis meæ,
rex meus et Deus meus.

4 Quoniam ad te orabo, Domine:
mane exaudies vocem meam.

5 Mane astabo tibi, et videbo
quoniam non Deus volens iniquitatem tu es.

6 Neque habitabit juxta te malignus,
neque permanebunt injusti ante oculos tuos.

7 Odisti omnes qui operantur iniquitatem;
perdes omnes qui loquuntur mendacium.
Virum sanguinum et dolosum abominabitur Dominus.

8 Ego autem in multitudine misericordiæ tuæ
introibo in domum tuam;
adorabo ad templum sanctum tuum in timore tuo.

9 Domine, deduc me in justitia tua:
propter inimicos meos dirige in conspectu tuo viam meam.

10 Quoniam non est in ore eorum veritas;
cor eorum vanum est.

11 Sepulchrum patens est guttur eorum;
linguis suis dolose agebant:
judica illos, Deus.
Decidant a cogitationibus suis;
secundum multitudinem impietatum eorum expelle eos,
quoniam irritaverunt te, Domine.

12 Et lætentur omnes qui sperant in te;
in æternum exsultabunt, et habitabis in eis.
Et gloriabuntur in te omnes qui diligunt nomen tuum,

13 quoniam tu benedices justo.
Domine, ut scuto bonæ voluntatis tuæ coronasti nos.


English

Psalm 5
Prayer for Protection from the Wicked.
For the choir director; for flute accompaniment. A Psalm of David.

1 Give ear to my words, O LORD,
Consider my [a] groaning.

2 Heed the sound of my cry for help, my King and my God,
For to You I pray.

3 In the morning, O LORD, You will hear my voice;
In the morning I will order my prayer to You and eagerly (F)watch.

4 For You are not a God who takes pleasure in wickedness;
No evil dwells with You.

5 The boastful shall not stand before Your eyes;
You hate all who do iniquity.

6 You destroy those who speak falsehood;
The LORD abhors the man of bloodshed and deceit.

7 But as for me, by Your abundant lovingkindness I will enter Your house,
At Your holy temple I will bow in reverence for You.

8 O LORD, lead me in Your righteousness because of my foes;
Make Your way straight before me.

9 There is nothing reliable in what they say;
Their inward part is destruction itself
Their throat is an open grave;
They flatter with their tongue.

10 Hold them guilty, O God;
By their own devices let them fall!
In the multitude of their transgressions thrust them out,
For they are rebellious against You.

11 But let all who take refuge in You be glad,
Let them ever sing for joy;
And may You shelter them,
That those who love Your name may exult in You.

12 For it is You who blesses the righteous man, O LORD,
You surround him with favor as with a shield.

Footnotes:

[a] Psalm 5:1 Or meditation


Español

Salmos 5
(Reina-Valera 1960)

Plegaria pidiendo protección
Al músico principal; sobre Nehilot. Salmo de David.

1 Escucha, oh Jehová, mis palabras;
Considera mi gemir.

2 Está atento a la voz de mi clamor, Rey mío y Dios mío,
Porque a ti oraré.

3 Oh Jehová, de mañana oirás mi voz;
De mañana me presentaré delante de ti, y esperaré.

4 Porque tú no eres un Dios que se complace en la maldad;
El malo no habitará junto a ti.

5 Los insensatos no estarán delante de tus ojos;
Aborreces a todos los que hacen iniquidad.

6 Destruirás a los que hablan mentira;
Al hombre sanguinario y engañador abominará Jehová.

7 Mas yo por la abundancia de tu misericordia entraré en tu casa;
Adoraré hacia tu santo templo en tu temor.

8 Guíame, Jehová, en tu justicia, a causa de mis enemigos;
Endereza delante de mí tu camino.

9 Porque en la boca de ellos no hay sinceridad;
Sus entrañas son maldad,
Sepulcro abierto es su garganta,
Con su lengua hablan lisonjas.

10 Castígalos, oh Dios;
Caigan por sus mismos consejos;
Por la multitud de sus transgresiones échalos fuera,
Porque se rebelaron contra ti.

11 Pero alégrense todos los que en ti confían;
Den voces de júbilo para siempre, porque tú los defiendes;
En ti se regocijen los que aman tu nombre.

12 Porque tú, oh Jehová, bendecirás al justo;
Como con un escudo lo rodearás de tu favor.

Last words

Qualis artifex pereo.
What an artist dies in me!
--- Nero (December 15, 37 – June 9, 68)

Full name: Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

Political division of the Mexican Empire 1865

Department (Capital city)

I. Yucatán (Mérida)
II. Campeche (Campeche)
III. La Laguna (El Carmen)
IV. Tabasco (San Juan Bautista)
V. Chiapas (San Cristóbal)
VI. Tehuantepec (Suchil)
VII. Oaxaca (Oaxaca)
VIII. Ejutla (Ejutla)
IX. Teposcolula (Teposcolula)
X. Veracruz (Veracruz)
XI. Tuxpan (Tuxpan)
XII. Puebla (Puebla)
XIII. Tlaxcala (Tlaxcala)
XIV. Valle de México (México)
XV. Tulancingo (Tulancingo)
XVI. Tula (Tula)
XVII. Toluca (Toluca)
XVIII. Iturbide (Taxco)
XIX. Querétaro (Querétaro)
XX. Guerrero (Chilpancingo)
XXI. Acapulco (Acapulco)
XXII. Michoacán (Morelia)
XXIII. Tancítaro (Tancítaro)
XXIV. Coalcomán (Coalcomán)
XXV. Colima (Colima)
XXVI. Jalisco (Guadalajara)
XXVII. Autlán (Autlán)
XXVIII. Nayarit (Acaponeta)
XXIX. Guanajuato (Guanajuato)
XXX. Aguascalientes (Aguascalientes)
XXXI. Zacatecas (Zacatecas)
XXXII. Fresnillo (Fresnillo)
XXXIII. Potosí (San Luis)
XXXIV. Matehuala (Matehuala)
XXXV. Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria)
XXXVI. Matamoros (Matamoros)
XXXVII. Nuevo León (Monterrey)
XXXVIII. Coahuila (Saltillo)
XXXIX. Mapimí (San Fernando de Rosas)
XL. Mazatlán (Mazatlán)
XLI. Sinaloa (Sinaloa)
XLII. Durango (Durango)
XLIII. Nazas(Indé)
XLIV. Álamos (Álamos)
XLV. Sonora (Ures)
XLVI. Arizona (Altar)
XLVII. Huejuquilla (Jiménez)
XLVIII. Batopilas (Hidalgo)
XLIX. Chihuahua (Chihuahua)
L. California (La Paz)

Departments 1865

---

IMPERIO MEXICANO - MEXICAN EMPIRE
COMPARISON OF ANCIENT AND NEW DEPARTMENTS BY AREA, ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE POPULATION, AND GEOGRAPHIC POSITION OF THEIR CAPITALS

Year 1865

Number	Department	Old Area	Old Population	New Area	Current Population	People by square league
I	Yucatán	6,801	668,023	4,902	263,547	53.76
II	Campeche	"	"	2,975	126,368	42.47
III	La Laguna	364	11,807	1,685	47,000	27.89
IV	Tabasco	1,719	70,628	1,905	99,930	52.45
V	Chiapas	2,598	167,472	1,871	157,317	84.04
VI	Tehuantepec	1,742	82,395	1,999	85,275	42.65
VII	Oaxaca	3,288	525,938	1,839	235,845	128.24
VIII	Ejutla	"	"	1,157	93,675	80.96
IX	Teposcolula	"	"	1,352	160,720	118.87
X	Veracruz	3,501	349,125	2,119	265,159	125.13
XI	Tuxpan	"	"	1,325	97,940	73.90
XII	Puebla	1,733	658,609	1,141	467,788	409.98
XIII	Tlaxcala	276	90,158	1,030	339,571	329.06
XIV	Valle de México	67	269,534	410	481,796	1,175.11
XV	Tulancingo	"	"	1,030	266,678	258.13
XVI	Tula	"	"	617	178,174	286.77
XVII	Toluca	3,204	1,029,629	1,095	311,853	284.78
XVIII	Iturbide	"	"	833	157,619	189.21
XIX	Querétaro	869	165,155	946	273,515	289.12
XX	Guerrero	4,451	270,000	1,668	124,836	74.84
XXL	Acapulco	"	"	1,965	97,949	49.34
XXII	Michoacán	3,453	554,585	1,750	417,378	238.50
XXIII	Tancítaro	"	"	1,194	179,100	150.00
XXIV	Coalcomán	"	"	993	96,450	97.11
XXV	Colima	607	62,109	1,131	136,733	120.89
XXVI	Jalisco	8,324	804,058	1,252	219,987	175.70
XXVII	Autlán	"	"	1,394	82,624	59.30
XXVIII	Nayarit	"	"	1,718	78,605	45.75
XXIX	Guanajuato	1,545	729,103	1,452	601,850	414.49
XXX	Aguascalientes	381	86,329	1,768	433,151	244.76
XXXI	Zacatecas	3,862	296,789	1,785	192,823	108.02
XXXII	Fresnillo	"	"	2,299	82,860	36.04
XXXIII	Potosí	3,914	397,189	2,166	308,116	142.25
XXXIV	Matehuala	"	"	2,097	82,427	39.30
XXXV	Tamaulipas	4,219	109,673	1,969	71,470	36.29
XXXVI	Matamoros	"	"	2,195	40,034	18.23
XXXVII	Nuevo León	4,216	145,779	2,379	152,645	64.16
XXXVIII	Coahuila	7,947	67,590	3,996	63,178	15.81
XXXIX	Mapimí	"	"	4,528	6,777	1.49
XL	Mazatlán	"	"	2,116	94,387	44.60
XLI	Sinaloa	4,690	160,000	2,576	82,185	31.86
XLII	Durango	6,744	144,331	3,394	103,608	30.52
XLIII	Nazas	"	"	3,089	46,495	15.05
XLIV	Álamos	"	"	2,657	41,041	15.58
XLV	Sonora	13,940	139,374	4,198	80,129	19.08
XLVI	Arizona	"	"	4,852	25,603	5.28
XLVII	Huejuquilla	"	"	4,479	16,092	3.59
XLVIII	Batopilas	"	"	2,967	71,481	27.12
XLIX	Chihuahua	11,615	164,073	5,341	65,824	12.32
L	California	8,437	12,000	8,437	12,420	1.47
	Total	114,507	8,232,035	114,056	8,259,080

Capital	Population	North Latitude	Mexico Longitude	Observer
Mérida	24,000	20°55'15"	9°26'17" Este	Carta General
Campeche	15 500	19 50 45	8 36 10 E.	Ferrer y Ceballos
El Carmen	5,000	18 39 00	7 17 3 E.	Carta General
San Juan Bautista	6,000	17 40 30	6 8 38 E.	Carta General
San Cristóbal	10,500	16 34 55	6 30 33 E.	Carta General
Suchil	"	17 23 30	3 57 20 E.	Carta General
Oaxaca	25,000	17 3 17	2 27 29 E.	Orbegozo
Ejutla	7,128	16 38 15	2 30 33 E.	Carta General
Teposcolula	1,200	17 18 00	1 35 3 E.	Lat. Laguna. y longitud. Carta General
Veracruz	10,000	19 11 52	2 58 10 E.	Almanaque Americano
Tuxpan	6,000	20 59 30	1 46 13 E.	Carta General
Puebla	75,000	19 00 15	1 4 10 E.	Humboldt
Tlaxcala	4,000	19 2010	1 1 22 E.	Harcort
México	200,000	19 26 12	0 00 0 E.	Francisco Díaz Covarrubias
Tulancinco	6,000	20 9 00	0 51 33 E.	T. Ramón del Moral
Tula	5,000	20 2 30	0 11 15 Oeste	T. Ramón del Moral
Toluca	12,000	19 16 40	0 27 30 O.	T. Ramón del Moral
Taxco	5,000	18 33 19	0 20 49 O.	T. Ramón del Moral
Querétaro	48,000	20 35 27	1 29 44 O.	Greeg
Chilpancingo	3,000	17 32 00	0 18 10 O.	Carta General
Acapulco	3,000	16 50 19	0 42 23 O.	Almanaque Americano
Morelia	25,000	19 42 00	1 45 19 O.	Humboldt
Tancitaro	2,000	19 9 30	2 54 57 O.	Lejarza
Coalcomán	3,000	18 54 4	3 48 48 O.	Carta General
Colima	31,000	19 11 45	4 34 27 O.	Carta General
Guadalajara	70,000	20 41 10	4 13 53 O.	Narváez
Autlán	3,000	19 52 00	5 36 12 O.	Carta General
Acaponeta	2,000	22 51 40	6 20 55 O.	Carta General
Guanajuato	63,000	21 00 50	1 47 57 O.	Bustamante
Aguascalientes	23,000	21 49 30	3 16 2 O.	Carta General
Zacatecas	16,000	22 44 00	3 25 37 O.	Bowring
Fresnillo	12,000	23 3 00	3 42 13 O.	Carta General
San Luis	34,000	22 9 8	1 51 5 O.	Francisco Díaz Covarrubias
Matehuala	3,500	23 40 10	1 17 42 O.	Carta General
Ciudad Victoria	6,000	23 42 54	0 6 33 O.	Lat. Francisco Jiménez y Long. Carta General
Matamoros	41,000	25 52 44	1 38 49 E.	Francisco Jiménez y M. Alemán
Monterrey	14,000	25 40 13	1 18 50 O.	Almanaque Americano
Saltillo	9,000	25 26 22	1 54 59 O.	Almanaque Americano
San Fernando de Rosas	1,000	28 2 00	2 15 22 O.	Carta General
Mazatlán	15,000	23 11 40	7 15 39 O.	Capitán Beeckey
Sinaloa	9,000	25 57 20	9 6 18 O.	Carta General
Durango	14,000	24 2 50	4 52 17 O.	Pedro García Conde
Indé	5,000	25 45 15	5 32 57 O.	Carta General
Alamos	6,000	27 8 00	9 56 34 O.	Mascaró y Rivera
Ures	7,000	29 26 13	11 12 45 O.	Francisco Jiménez y M. Alemán
Altar	1,000	30 42 46	12 37 26 O.	Francisco Jiménez y M. Alemán
Jiménez	3,000	27 7 35	6 7 14 O.	Engelman.
Hidalgo	3,000	26 54 40	6 51 27 O.	Pedro García Conde
Chihuahua	12,000	28 38 7	7 23 14 O.	Greeg
La Paz	500	24 1 15	11 7 14 O.	Kellet

1. The longitude of México with respect of Greenwich Meridian is 6 h., 36'28" 56 in time [Observatorio de Minería]. With respect to the Cathedral, is an arc of 99°6'4" 30. From Paris 101°26'55" 3, West.

---

Military Divisions

1. First. Departments of Valle de México, Iturbide, Toluca, Guerrero, Acapulco, Michoacán, Tula, and Tulancingo. Capital city: Toluca.
2. Second. Departments of Veracruz, Tuxpan, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Teposcolula, Oaxaca, Tehuantepec, and Ejutla. Capital city: Puebla.
3. Third. Departments of Fresnillo, Matehuala, Tamaulipas, Potosí, Querétaro, and Guanajuato. Capital city: San Luis Potosí.
4. Fourth. Departments of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Autlán, Colima, Coalcomán, and Tancítaro. Capital city: Guadalajara.
5. Fifth. Departments of Coahuila, Mapimí, Nuevo León y Matamoros. Capital city: Monterrey.
6. Sixth. Departments of Durango, Nazas, Chihuahua, Batopilas, and Huejuquilla. Capital city: Durango.
7. Seventh. Departments of Campeche, Yucatán, La Laguna, Tabasco, and Chiapas. Capital city: Mérida.
8. Eighth. Departments of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Álamos, Sonora, Arizona, and California. Capital city: Culiacán.

Military divisions

Spanish provinces

1720

Intendencias

1. Ávila
2. Barcelona
3. Burgos
4. Ciudad Real
5. Córdoba
6. Granada
7. Guadalajara
8. La Coruña
9. León
10. Madrid
11. Mérida
12. Palma de Mallorca
13. Pamplona
14. Salamanca
15. Santa Cruz de Tenerife
16. Sevilla
17. Toledo
18. Valencia
19. Valladolid
20. Zaragoza

España 1757

1810

Prefecturas (capital city)

1. Águeda (Ciudad Rodrigo)
2. Arlanzón (Burgos)
3. Bidasoa (Pamplona)
4. Cabo de la Nao (Alicante)
5. Cabo de Peñas (Oviedo)
6. Cabo Machichaco (Vitoria)
7. Cabo Mayor (Santander)
8. Carrión (Palencia)
9. Cinca y Segre (Lérida)
10. Duero Alto (Soria)
11. Duero y Pisuerga (Valladolid)
12. Ebro (Tarragona)
13. Ebro y Cinca (Huesca)
14. Ebro y Jalón (Zaragoza)
15. Esla (Astorga)
16. Genil (Granada)
17. Guadalaviar Alto (Teruel)
18. Guadalaviar Bajo (Valencia)
19. Guadalete (Jerez de la Frontera)
20. Guadalquivir Alto (Jaén)
21. Guadalquivir Bajo (Sevilla)
22. Guadalquivir y Guadajoz (Córdoba)
23. Guadiana y Guadajira (Mérida)
24. Jucar Alto (Cuenca)
25. Llobregat (Barcelona)
26. Manzanares (Madrid)
27. Miño Bajo (Vigo)
28. Miño Alto (Lugo)
29. Ojos del Guadiana (Ciudad Real)
30. Salado (Málaga)
31. Segura (Murcia)
32. Sil (Orense)
33. Tajo Alto (Guadalajara)
34. Tajo y Alagón (Cáceres)
35. Tajo y Alberche (Toledo)
36. Tambre (La Coruña)
37. Ter (Gerona)
38. Tormes (Salamanca)

España 1810

1822

Regions and provinces

1. Andalucía: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga, and Sevilla.
2. Aragón: Calatayud, Huesca, Teruel, and Zaragoza.
3. Asturias: Oviedo.
4. Baleares: Baleares
5. Canarias: Canarias
6. Castilla la Nueva: Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, and Toledo.
7. Castilla la Vieja: Ávila, Burgos, Logroño, Palencia, Santander, Segovia, Soria, and Valladolid.
8. Cataluña: Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona.
9. Extremadura: Badajoz and Cáceres.
10. Galicia: La Coruña, Lugo, Orense, and Vigo.
11. León: León, Salamanca, Villafranca del Bierzo, and Zamora.
12. Murcia: Chinchilla and Murcia.
13. Navarra: Pamplona.
14. Valencia: Alicante, Castellón, Játiva, and Valencia.
15. Vascongadas: Bilbao, San Sebastián, and Vitoria.

1833

Regions and provinces

1. Andalucía: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga, and Sevilla.
2. Aragón: Huesca, Teruel, and Zaragoza.
3. Asturias: Oviedo.
4. Baleares: Palma de Mallorca
5. Canarias: Santa Cruz de Tenerife
6. Castilla la Nueva: Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, and Toledo.
7. Castilla la Vieja: Ávila, Burgos, Logroño, Palencia, Santander, Segovia, Soria, and Valladolid.
8. Cataluña: Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida, and Tarragona.
9. Extremadura: Badajoz and Cáceres.
10. Galicia: La Coruña, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra.
11. León: León, Salamanca and Zamora.
12. Murcia: Albacete and Murcia.
13. Navarra: Navarra.
14. Valencia: Alicante, Castellón, and Valencia.
15. Vascongadas: Álava, Guipúzcoa, and Vizcaya.

1978

Comunidades (capital city) and provinces

1. Andalucía (Sevilla) Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga, and Sevilla.
2. Aragón (Zaragoza) Huesca, Teruel, and Zaragoza.
3. Asturias (Oviedo) Asturias.
4. Baleares (Palma de Mallorca) Baleares.
5. Canarias (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
6. Cantabria (Santander) Cantabria.
7. Castilla-La Mancha (Toledo) Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo.
8. Castilla y León (Valladolid) Ávila, Burgos, León, Palencia, Salamanca, Segovia, Soria, Valladolid, and Zamora.
9. Cataluña (Barcelona) Barcelona, Gerona, and Lérida.
10. Extremadura (Mérida) Badajoz and Cáceres.
11. Galicia (Santiago de Compostela) La Coruña, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra.
12. La Rioja (Logroño) La Rioja.
13. Madrid (Madrid) Madrid.
14. Murcia (Murcia) Murcia.
15. Navarra (Pamplona) Navarra.
16. País Vasco (Vitoria) Álava, Guipúzcoa, and Vizcaya.
17. Valencia (Valencia) Alicante, Castellón, and Valencia.

Autonomous cities

1. Ceuta
2. Melilla

Origin of the name of some Spanish cities and provinces

Cities

Albacete: Arabic al-Basit: the plain.
Alicante: from Greek leuke akte: white cape, through Latin Lucentum and Arabic Alicante, as a city name.
Almería: Arabic al-Meriya: the watchtower.
Badajoz: from Latin Pax Augusti: peace of Augustus.
Barcelona: from Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general.
Burgos: Spanish for cities. Burgos, the city, was formed by uniting several smaller cities.
Cádiz: from Semitic gadir: walled place.
Ciudad Real: Spanish for royal city; founded by King Alfonso X of Castilla in 1252.
Córdoba: possibly from Phoenician qorteb: oil press.
Cuenca: Spanish for basin, from Latin concha: basin; the city is situated in a deep river valley.
Granada: Latin granatum: a fruit.
Guadalajara: Arabic wadi al-hajara: stony river.
La Coruña: possibly from Latin columna: column, referring to an ancient lighthouse.
León: from Latin legionis, genitive case of legio: legion; headquarters of the Seventh Legion.
Madrid: possibly from Celtic mago: big + ritu: ford.
Málaga: possibly from Phoenician malaka: refuge.
Murcia: from Arabic for the firmly founded.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife: = Holy Cross of Tenerife; Tenerife is the name of the island, from native words tener: island, ife: white, referring to snowy mountain peaks.
Santander: probably a corruption of Sant Andres: Saint Andrew.
Sevilla: from a Semitic name meaning plain.
Valencia: from city name, from Latin Valentia Edetanorum, probably meaning "strong city of the Edetani tribe".
Valladolid: Arabic vali: governor + Walid; the city was the governorate of Walid Abul Abbas.
Zaragoza: city renamed Cæsaria Augusta when it became a military colony in 25 B.C., shortened to Cæsaraugusta, then to Sarakusta by the Moors.

Provinces and regions

Álava: possibly from Basque araiiar: land between mountains, or ara ba: low plain.
Andalusia: through Arabic from Low Latin Vandalusia: land of the Vandals.
Aragon: from the river Aragón.
Asturias: from Basque asta: rock, ur: water.
Baleares: the ancients explained it as a Semitic name meaning "slingers' islands".
Canary Islands: from Latin canis: dog.
Cantabria: for the Cantabrian Mountains, named for Cantabri (ethnic name).
Castilla: Latin castella: castle
Cataluña: probably from Catalauni, name of Celtic tribe.
Ceuta: Latin Castellum ad Septem Fratres: castle of the seven brothers, referring to seven mountains, through Arabic Sebta.
Extremadura: Latin Extrema Durii: end of the Duero (River).
Galicia: possibly from Latin Gallus: man from Gaul.
Guipúzcoa: Basque for the place of Ipuz (person or tribe).
La Mancha: from Arabic for the high plain.
Navarra: possibly from Basque naba: mountain pass or valley, Nabarra: tribe from mountain valleys.
Vizcaya: from Basque bizkar: mountain pass.

Pliny and the Christians

Pliny the Younger was governor of Pontus/Bithynia from 111-113 AD. We have a whole set of exchanges of his letters with the emperor Trajan on a variety of administrative political matters. These two letters are the most famous, in which Pliny encounters Christianity for the first time.

Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (63 - ca. 113), better known as Pliny the Younger.

Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly called Trajan (September 18, 53–August 9, 117).

Pliny, Letters 10.96-97

Pliny to the Emperor Trajan

It is my practice, my lord, to refer to you all matters concerning which I am in doubt. For who can better give guidance to my hesitation or inform my ignorance? I have never participated in trials of Christians. I therefore do not know what offenses it is the practice to punish or investigate, and to what extent. And I have been not a little hesitant as to whether there should be any distinction on account of age or no difference between the very young and the more mature; whether pardon is to be granted for repentance, or, if a man has once been a Christian, it does him no good to have ceased to be one; whether the name itself, even without offenses, or only the offenses associated with the name are to be punished.

Meanwhile, in the case of those who were denounced to me as Christians, I have observed the following procedure: I interrogated these as to whether they were Christians; those who confessed I interrogated a second and a third time, threatening them with punishment; those who persisted I ordered executed. For I had no doubt that, whatever the nature of their creed, stubbornness and inflexible obstinacy surely deserve to be punished. There were others possessed of the same folly; but because they were Roman citizens, I signed an order for them to be transferred to Rome.

Soon accusations spread, as usually happens, because of the proceedings going on, and several incidents occurred. An anonymous document was published containing the names of many persons. Those who denied that they were or had been Christians, when they invoked the gods in words dictated by me, offered prayer with incense and wine to your image, which I had ordered to be brought for this purpose together with statues of the gods, and moreover cursed Christ--none of which those who are really Christians, it is said, can be forced to do--these I thought should be discharged. Others named by the informer declared that they were Christians, but then denied it, asserting that they had been but had ceased to be, some three years before, others many years, some as much as twenty-five years. They all worshipped your image and the statues of the gods, and cursed Christ.

They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so. When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food--but ordinary and innocent food. Even this, they affirmed, they had ceased to do after my edict by which, in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations. Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses. But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition.

I therefore postponed the investigation and hastened to consult you. For the matter seemed to me to warrant consulting you, especially because of the number involved. For many persons of every age, every rank, and also of both sexes are and will be endangered. For the contagion of this superstition has spread not only to the cities but also to the villages and farms. But it seems possible to check and cure it. It is certainly quite clear that the temples, which had been almost deserted, have begun to be frequented, that the established religious rites, long neglected, are being resumed, and that from everywhere sacrificial animals are coming, for which until now very few purchasers could be found. Hence it is easy to imagine what a multitude of people can be reformed if an opportunity for repentance is afforded.

Trajan to Pliny

You observed proper procedure, my dear Pliny, in sifting the cases of those who had been denounced to you as Christians. For it is not possible to lay down any general rule to serve as a kind of fixed standard. They are not to be sought out; if they are denounced and proved guilty, they are to be punished, with this reservation, that whoever denies that he is a Christian and really proves it--that is, by worshiping our gods--even though he was under suspicion in the past, shall obtain pardon through repentance. But anonymously posted accusations ought to have no place in any prosecution. For this is both a dangerous kind of precedent and out of keeping with the spirit of our age.

Old Texas maps

New Spain internal provinces, 1807

State of Coahuila and Texas, 1836

Republic of Texas, 1841

Promises in Latin

For the English version click http://guanaco17.blogspot.com/2007/09/promises.html

Citations are from the Vulgata Clementina

Job 35:13
13 Non ergo frustra audiet Deus,
et Omnipotens causas singulorum intuebitur

Psalmi 33:16
16 Oculi Domini super justos,
et aures ejus in preces eorum.

Psalmi 65:18
18 Iniquitatem si aspexi in corde meo,
non exaudiet Dominus.

Psalmi 144:19
19 Voluntatem timentium se faciet,
et deprecationem eorum exaudiet, et salvos faciet eos.

Proverbia 15:29
29 Longe est Dominus ab impiis,
et orationes justorum exaudiet.

Isaias 1:15
15 Et cum extenderitis manus vestras, avertam oculos meos a vobis,
et cum multiplicaveritis orationem, non exaudiam:
manus enim vestræ sanguine plenæ sunt.

Matthæum 7:7-8
7 Petite, et dabitur vobis : quærite, et invenietis: pulsate, et aperietur vobis.
8 Omnis enim qui petit, accipit: et qui quærit, invenit: et pulsanti aperietur.

Matthæum 18:19
19 Iterum dico vobis, quia si duo ex vobis consenserint super terram, de omni re quamcumque petierint, fiet illis a Patre meo, qui in cælis est.

Matthæum 21:22
22 Et omnia quæcumque petieritis in oratione credentes, accipietis.

Marcus 11:24
24 Propterea dico vobis, omnia quæcumque orantes petitis, credite quia accipietis, et evenient vobis.

Lucas 11:9-10
9 Et ego dico vobis: Petite, et dabitur vobis; quærite, et invenietis; pulsate, et aperietur vobis.
10 Omnis enim qui petit, accipit: et qui quærit, invenit: et pulsanti aperietur.

Joannes 9:31
31 scimus autem quia peccatores Deus non audit: sed si quis Dei cultor est, et voluntatem ejus facit, hunc exaudit.

Joannes 14:13-14
13 Et quodcumque petieritis Patrem in nomine meo, hoc faciam: ut glorificetur Pater in Filio.
14 Si quid petieritis me in nomine meo, hoc faciam.

Joannes 15:7
7 Si manseritis in me, et verba mea in vobis manserint, quodcumque volueritis petetis, et fiet vobis.

Joannes 15:16
16 Non vos me elegistis, sed ego elegi vos, et posui vos ut eatis, et fructum afferatis, et fructus vester maneat: ut quodcumque petieritis Patrem in nomine meo, det vobis.

Joannes 16:23
23 Et in illo die me non rogabitis quidquam. Amen, amen dico vobis: si quid petieritis Patrem in nomine meo, dabit vobis.

Jacobi 1:5
5 Si quis autem vestrum indiget sapientia, postulet a Deo, qui dat omnibus affluenter, et non improperat: et dabitur ei.

Joannis I 3:22
22 et quidquid petierimus, accipiemus ab eo: quoniam mandata ejus custodimus, et ea, quæ sunt placita coram eo, facimus.

Joannis I 5:14
14 Et hæc est fiducia, quam habemus ad eum: quia quodcumque petierimus, secundum voluntatem ejus, audit nos.

Salvator Mundi

Christ, Salvator Mundi

Παντοκράτωρ - Pantocrator

Christ Pantocrator
Χριστός Παντοκράτωρ

Saint Catherine's Monastery
Egypt (مصر‎ Miṣr)

Ivan Druzhinin
Bulgaria (България)

Boryana Hristova
Bulgaria (България)

Todor Mitrovic
Serbia (Србија)

Mexico, 1847

Traveling to past

Why can't we travel to past? What if I took one bad decision that will affect the rest of my life and the life of others? I can't live with that burden.

I don't know what I could give for traveling to past.

Promises

For the Latin version click http://guanaco17.blogspot.com/2007/09/promises.html

All citations are from The New American Standard Bible.

Job 35:13
13 "Surely God will not listen to an empty cry,
Nor will the Almighty regard it."

Psalm 34:15
15 The eyes of the LORD are toward the righteous
And His ears are open to their cry.

Psalm 66:18
18 If I regard wickedness in my heart,
The Lord will not hear;

Psalm 145:19
19 He will fulfill the desire of those who fear Him;
He will also hear their cry and will save them.

Proverbs 15:29
29 The LORD is far from the wicked,
But He hears the prayer of the righteous.

Proverbs 28:9
9 He who turns away his ear from listening to the law,
Even his prayer is an abomination.

Isaiah 1:15
15 "So when you spread out your hands in prayer,
I will hide My eyes from you;
Yes, even though you multiply prayers,
I will not listen
Your hands are covered with blood."

Matthew 7:7-8
7 "Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you.
8 "For everyone who asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks it will be opened."

Matthew 18:19
19 "Again I say to you, that if two of you agree on earth about anything that they may ask, it shall be done for them by My Father who is in heaven."

Matthew 21:22
22 "And all things you ask in prayer, believing, you will receive."

Mark 11:24
24 "Therefore I say to you, all things for which you pray and ask, believe that you have received them, and they will be granted you."

Luke 11:9-10
9 "So I say to you, ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you.
10 "For everyone who asks, receives; and he who seeks, finds; and to him who knocks, it will be opened."

John 9:31
31 "We know that God does not hear sinners; but if anyone is God-fearing and does His will, He hears him."

John 14:13-14
13 "Whatever you ask in My name, that will I do, so that the Father may be glorified in the Son.
14 "If you ask Me anything in My name, I will do it."

John 15:7
7 "If you abide in Me, and My words abide in you, ask whatever you wish, and it will be done for you."

John 15:16
16 "You did not choose Me but I chose you, and appointed you that you would go and bear fruit, and that your fruit would remain, so that whatever you ask of the Father in My name He may give to you."

John 16:23
23 "In that day you will not question Me about anything Truly, truly, I say to you, if you ask the Father for anything in My name, He will give it to you."

James 1:5
5 "But if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all generously and without reproach, and it will be given to him."

1 John 3:22
22 "and whatever we ask we receive from Him, because we keep His commandments and do the things that are pleasing in His sight."

1 John 5:14
14 "This is the confidence which we have before Him, that, if we ask anything according to His will, He hears us."

Chicago Cubs, 1888

Chicago Cubs, 1888

New York Yankees, 1927

The Murderers's Row

New York Yankees, 1927

Top Row (L to R) Lou Gehrig, Bob Muesel, Babe Ruth, Wilcy Moore, George Pipgras, Earle Combs, Don Miller, Waite Hoyt, Tony Lazzeri, Mark Koenig, Urban Shocker, Cedric Durst, and Doc Woods, trainer.
Middle (L to R) Bob Shawkey, Joe Giard, Johnny Grabowski, Charley O'Leary, Miller Huggins, manager, Art Fletcher, Herb Pennock, Julie Wera, and Pat Collins.
Bottom (l to R) Dutch Ruether, Joe Dugan, Ben Paschal, Benny Bengough, Myles Thomas, Mike Gazella, Ray Morehart, Mascot Bennett.

The outfield
Bob Meusel, Babe Ruth, and Earle Combs

Nice page about 1927 team: http://www.angelfire.com/pa/1927/

Frederick and Victoria of Prussia

Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, 1884

Later Kaiser Frederick III (1888)

Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia, 1870
Later Kaiserin Victoria (1888)

The Book of Common Prayer

Liber Precum Publicarum:
The Book of Common Prayer in Latin (1662)

http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Latin1662/BCP_Latin1662.htm

Ordo Matutinarum

Te Deum Laudamus.

TE Deum laudamus : te Dominum confitemur.
Te æternum Patrem : omnis terra veneratur.
Tibi omnes Angeli : tibi Cœli et universæ Potestates.
Tibi Cherubin et Seraphin : incessabili voce proclamant:
Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus : Dominus Deus Sabaoth.
Pleni sunt cœli et terra : majestatis gloriæ tuæ.
Te gloriosus : Apostolorum chorus,
Te Prophetarum : laudabilis numerus,
Te Martyrum candidatus : laudat exercitus.
Te per orbem terrarum : sancta confitetur Ecclesia.
Patrem : immensæ Majestatis.
Venerandum tuum : verum et unicum Filium;
Sanctum quoque Paracletum : Spiritum.
Tu Rex gloriæ : Christe.
Tu Patris sempiternus : es Filius.
Tu ad liberandum suscepturus hominem : non horruisti Virginis uterum.
Tu devicto mortis aculeo : aperuisti credentibus regna cœlorum.
Tu ad dexteram Dei sedes : in gloria Patris.
Judex crederis : esse venturus.
Te ergo quæsumus, famulis tuis subveni : quos pretioso sanguine redemisti.
Æterna fac cum Sanctis tuis : in gloria numerari.
Salvum fac populum tuum, Domine : et benedic hæreditati tuæ.
Et rege eos : et extolle illos usque in æternum.
Per singulos dies : benedicimus te.
Et laudamus Nomen tuum in sæculum : et in sæculum sæculi.
Dignare Domine die isto : sine peccato nos custodire.
Miserere nostri, Domine : miserere nostri.
Fiat misericordia tua, Domine super nos : quemadmodum speravimus in te.
In te, Domine speravi : non confundar in æternum

Dilexi

Ps 114:9 (116:9 NIV) contains the origin of the word "placebo".

Latīna

Psalmum 114
(Vulgata Clementina)

1 Alleluja.
Dilexi, quoniam exaudiet Dominus
vocem orationis meæ.
2 Quia inclinavit aurem suam mihi,
et in diebus meis invocabo.
3 Circumdederunt me dolores mortis ;
et pericula inferni invenerunt me.
Tribulationem et dolorem inveni,
4 et nomen Domini invocavi :
o Domine, libera animam meam.
5 Misericors Dominus et justus,
et Deus noster miseretur.
6 Custodiens parvulos Dominus ;
humiliatus sum, et liberavit me.
7 Convertere, anima mea, in requiem tuam,
quia Dominus benefecit tibi :
8 quia eripuit animam meam de morte,
oculos meos a lacrimis,
pedes meos a lapsu.
9 Placebo Domino in regione vivorum.

Psalmum 115
(Vulgata Clementina)

1 Alleluja.
Credidi, propter quod locutus sum ;
ego autem humiliatus sum nimis.
2 Ego dixi in excessu meo :
Omnis homo mendax.
3 Quid retribuam Domino
pro omnibus quæ retribuit mihi ?
4 Calicem salutaris accipiam,
et nomen Domini invocabo.
5 Vota mea Domino reddam
coram omni populo ejus.
6 Pretiosa in conspectu Domini
mors sanctorum ejus.
7 O Domine, quia ego servus tuus ;
ego servus tuus, et filius ancillæ tuæ.
Dirupisti vincula mea :
8 tibi sacrificabo hostiam laudis,
et nomen Domini invocabo.
9 Vota mea Domino reddam
in conspectu omnis populi ejus ;
10 in atriis domus Domini,
in medio tui, Jerusalem.

Gloria Patri, et Filio: et Spiritui Sancto
Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper; et in sæcula sæculorum. Amen.


English

Psalm 116
(New International Version)

1 I love the LORD, for he heard my voice;
he heard my cry for mercy.

2 Because he turned his ear to me,
I will call on him as long as I live.

3 The cords of death entangled me,
the anguish of the grave [a] came upon me;
I was overcome by trouble and sorrow.

4 Then I called on the name of the LORD :
"O LORD, save me!"

5 The LORD is gracious and righteous;
our God is full of compassion.

6 The LORD protects the simplehearted;
when I was in great need, he saved me.

7 Be at rest once more, O my soul,
for the LORD has been good to you.

8 For you, O LORD, have delivered my soul from death,
my eyes from tears,
my feet from stumbling,

9 that I may walk before the LORD
in the land of the living.

10 I believed; therefore [b] I said,
"I am greatly afflicted."

11 And in my dismay I said,
"All men are liars."

12 How can I repay the LORD
for all his goodness to me?

13 I will lift up the cup of salvation
and call on the name of the LORD.

14 I will fulfill my vows to the LORD
in the presence of all his people.

15 Precious in the sight of the LORD
is the death of his saints.

16 O LORD, truly I am your servant;
I am your servant, the son of your maidservant [c] ;
you have freed me from my chains.

17 I will sacrifice a thank offering to you
and call on the name of the LORD.

18 I will fulfill my vows to the LORD
in the presence of all his people,

19 in the courts of the house of the LORD—
in your midst, O Jerusalem.
Praise the LORD. [d]

Footnotes:

[a] Psalm 116:3 Hebrew Sheol
[b] Psalm 116:10 Or believed even when
[c] Psalm 116:16 Or servant, your faithful son
[c] Psalm 116:19 Hebrew Hallelu Yah


Español

Salmos 116
(Reina-Valera 1960)

Acción de gracias por haber sido librado de la muerte

1 Amo a Jehová, pues ha oído
Mi voz y mis súplicas;

2 Porque ha inclinado a mí su oído;
Por tanto, le invocaré en todos mis días.

3 Me rodearon ligaduras de muerte,
Me encontraron las angustias del Seol;
Angustia y dolor había yo hallado.

4 Entonces invoqué el nombre de Jehová, diciendo:
Oh Jehová, libra ahora mi alma.

5 Clemente es Jehová, y justo;
Sí, misericordioso es nuestro Dios.

6 Jehová guarda a los sencillos;
Estaba yo postrado, y me salvó.

7 Vuelve, oh alma mía, a tu reposo,
Porque Jehová te ha hecho bien.

8 Pues tú has librado mi alma de la muerte,
Mis ojos de lágrimas,
Y mis pies de resbalar.

9 Andaré delante de Jehová
En la tierra de los vivientes.

10 Creí; por tanto hablé,
Estando afligido en gran manera.

11 Y dije en mi apresuramiento:
Todo hombre es mentiroso.

12 ¿Qué pagaré a Jehová
Por todos sus beneficios para conmigo?

13 Tomaré la copa de la salvación,
E invocaré el nombre de Jehová.

14 Ahora pagaré mis votos a Jehová
Delante de todo su pueblo.

15 Estimada es a los ojos de Jehová
La muerte de sus santos.

16 Oh Jehová, ciertamente yo soy tu siervo,
Siervo tuyo soy, hijo de tu sierva;
Tú has roto mis prisiones.

17 Te ofreceré sacrificio de alabanza,
E invocaré el nombre de Jehová.

18 A Jehová pagaré ahora mis votos
Delante de todo su pueblo,

19 En los atrios de la casa de Jehová,
En medio de ti, oh Jerusalén.
Aleluya.

Libera me, Domine

Latīna

Libera me, Domine,
de morte aeterna,
in die illa tremenda
quando coeli movendi sunt et terra,
dum veneris judicare
saeculum per ignem
Tremens factus sum ego, et timeo
dum discussio venerit,
atque ventura ira.
Dies illa, dies irae,
calamitatis et miseriae,
dies magna et amara valde.
Requiem aeternam, dona eis, Domine,
et lux perpetua luceat eis.


English

Deliver me, O Lord,
from eternal death,
on that fearful day
when the heavens are moved and the earth
when thou shalt come to judge
the world through fire.
I am made to tremble, and I fear,
when the desolation shall come,
and also the coming wrath.
That day, the day of wrath,
calamity, and misery,
that terrible and exceedingly bitter day.
Rest eternal grant them, O Lord,
and let perpetual light shine on them.


Español

Líbrame, Señor,
de la muerte eterna,
en ese día temible
cuando se muevan los cielos y la tierra
cuando vengas a juzgar
al mundo a través del fuego.
Estoy hecho para temblar, y temo,
cuando la desolación venga,
y también venga la ira.
Ese día, día de la ira,
calamidad y miseria,
ese día tan grande y amargo.
Dales descanso eterno, Señor,
y deja que la luz perpetua brille sobre ellos.

Dies irae

The Day of Judgement
Memling Triptych
Danzig

Latīna

Dies irae

1
Dies iræ! dies illa
Solvet sæclum in favilla
Teste David cum Sibylla!

2
Quantus tremor est futurus,
quando judex est venturus,
cuncta stricte discussurus!

3
Tuba mirum spargens sonum
per sepulchra regionum,
coget omnes ante thronum.

4
Mors stupebit et natura,
cum resurget creatura,
judicanti responsura.

5
Liber scriptus proferetur,
in quo totum continetur,
unde mundus judicetur.

6
Judex ergo cum sedebit,
quidquid latet apparebit:
nil inultum remanebit.

7
Quid sum miser tunc dicturus?
Quem patronum rogaturus,
cum vix justus sit securus?

8
Rex tremendæ majestatis,
qui salvandos salvas gratis,
salva me, fons pietatis.

9
Recordare, Jesu pie,
quod sum causa tuæ viæ:
ne me perdas illa die.

10
Quærens me, sedisti lassus:
redemisti Crucem passus:
tantus labor non sit cassus.

11
Juste judex ultionis,
donum fac remissionis
ante diem rationis.

12
Ingemisco, tamquam reus:
culpa rubet vultus meus:
supplicanti parce, Deus.

13
Qui Mariam absolvisti,
et latronem exaudisti,
mihi quoque spem dedisti.

14
Preces meæ non sunt dignæ:
sed tu bonus fac benigne,
ne perenni cremer igne.

15
Inter oves locum præsta,
et ab hædis me sequestra,
statuens in parte dextra.

16
Confutatis maledictis,
flammis acribus addictis:
voca me cum benedictis.

17
Oro supplex et acclinis,
cor contritum quasi cinis:
gere curam mei finis


English

Day of Wrath

1
Day of wrath and terror looming!
Heaven and earth to ash consuming,
David's word and Sibyl's truth foredooming!

2
What horror must invade the mind,
when the approaching judge shall find,
and sift the deeds of all mankind.

3
The trumpet casts a wondrous sound,
through the tombs of all around,
making them the throne surround.

4
Death is struck and nature quaking,
all creation is awaking,
to its judge an answer making.

5
The written book shall be brought forth,
in which is contained all
from which the world is to be judged.

6
So when the Judge shall sit,
whatever is hidden shall be seen,
nothing shall remain unpunished.

7
What am I, wretched one, to say,
What protector implore,
when (even) a just person will scarcely be confident?

8
King of awesome majesty,
you who save gratuitously those to be saved,
save me, fount of pity.

9
Remember, gracious Jesus,
that I am the cause of your journey;
do not let me be lost on that day.

10
Seeking me, you sat exhausted;
you redeemed me by undergoing the Cross;
let so much toil not be in vain.

11
Just judge of vengeance,
grant the gift of forgiveness,
before the day of reckoning'.

12
I groan, as one guilty;
my face is red with shame;
spare, O God, a supplicant.

13
You who forgave Mary [Magdalen],
and heard the plea of the thief [Dismas]
have given hope to me also.

14
My prayers are unworthy;
but you, the Good, show me favour,
that I may not be consumed by eternal fire.

15
Grant me a place among the sheep,
and separate me from the goats,
placing me at your right hand.

16
When the wicked are confounded,
doomed to flames of woe unbounded,
call me with Thy Saints surrounded.

17
Low I kneel, with heart submission!
See, like ashes my contrition!
Help me in my last condition!


Español

Día de la ira

1
Día de la ira; día aquel
en que los siglos se reduzcan a cenizas;
como testigos el rey David y la Sibila.

2
¡Cuánto terror habrá en el futuro
cuando el juez haya de venir
a juzgar todo estrictamente!

3
La trompeta, esparciendo un sonido admirable
por los sepulcros de todos los reinos
reunirá a todos los hombres ante el trono.

4
La muerte y la Naturaleza se asombrarán,
cuando resucite la criatura
para que responda ante su juez.

5
Aparecerá el libro escrito
en que se contiene todo
y con el que se juzgará al mundo.

6
Así, cuando el juez se siente
lo escondido se mostrará
y no habrá nada sin castigo.

7
¿Qué diré yo entonces, pobre de mí?
¿A qué protector rogaré
cuando ni los justos estén seguros?

8
Rey de tremenda majestad
tú que, al salvar, lo haces gratuitamente,
sálvame, fuente de piedad.

9
Acuérdate, piadoso Jesús
de que soy la causa de tu calvario;
no me pierdas en este día.

10
Buscándome, te sentaste agotado
me redimiste sufriendo en la cruz
no sean vanos tantos trabajos.

11
Justo juez de venganza
concédeme el regalo del perdón
antes del día del juicio.

12
Grito, como un reo;
la culpa enrojece mi rostro.
Perdona, señor, a este suplicante.

13
Tú, que absolviste a Magdalena
y escuchaste la súplica del ladrón,
me diste a mí también esperanza.

14
Mis plegarias no son dignas,
pero tú, al ser bueno, actúa con bondad
para que no arda en el fuego eterno.

15
Colócame entre tu rebaño
y sepárame de los machos cabríos
situándome a tu derecha.

16
Tras confundir a los malditos
arrojados a las llamas voraces
hazme llamar entre los benditos.

17
Te lo ruego, suplicante y de rodillas,
el corazón acongojado, casi hecho cenizas:
hazte cargo de mi destino.

This is next year

Brooklyn Dodgers World Champions 1955

New York Giants, 1911

New York Giants, 1911

Chicago Daily News negatives collection, DN-0003451. Courtesy of the Chicago Historical Society.

The best Dodgers player

Bugs Bunny

Brooklyn Dodgers

Breaking news

Dodgers and Yankees win - Giants lose

Some real Dodgers

Edwin "Duke" Snider, Clement Labine, Roy Campanella, and Gil Hodges
Brooklyn Dodgers, 1955

Edwin "Duke" Snider, Gil Hodges, Roy Campanella, and Carl "Skoonj" Furillo
Brooklyn Dodgers

Jackie Robinson, Sal Maglie, and Carl Furillo
Brooklyn Dodgers

Ralph Branca
Brooklyn Dodgers

Johnny PodresBrooklyn Dodgers

Tinker to Evers to Chance

Tinker, Evers, and Chance, the worst nightmare to every Giants fan

Joseph Tinker, Chicago Cubs, 1911
John Evers, Chicago Cubs, 1911
Frank Chance, Chicago Cubs, 1911


"Baseball's Sad Lexicon"
(Franklin Pierce Adams)

These are the saddest of possible words:
"Tinker to Evers to Chance."
Trio of bear cubs, and fleeter than birds,
Tinker and Evers and Chance.
Ruthlessly pricking our gonfalon bubble,*
Making a Giant hit into a double--
Words that are heavy with nothing but trouble:
"Tinker to Evers to Chance."**


* The term "gonfalon" refers to a flag or pennant, and Adams uses the phrase "pricking our gonfalon bubble" to describe the repeated success of the Chicago Cubs and their celebrated infield against their National League rivals, his beloved New York Giants.

** Reprinted in the book In Other Words by Franklin P. Adams (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1912), and other, more recent anthologies of his work.

New York Yankees, 1913

New York Yankees, 1913

Holy Roman Empire in maps

Sacrum Romanim Imperium

Heiliges Römisches Reich

Holy Roman Empire

814

843

870

887

980

1000

1138-1254

1200

1360

1378

1460

1512

1555

1648

1660

1786

1803

1806

More:

Maps of the Roman Empire.
Maps of Germany in 19th century.

Brooklyn Dodgers, 1913

Brooklyn Dodgers, 1913

Old Giants

Jim O'Rourke, New York Giants, c. 1887

John Ward, New York Giants, c. 1889

Tim Keefe, New York Giants, c. 1888

John McGraw, New York Giants, c. 1909

Christy Mathewson, New York Giants, c. 1909

Bull Durham, New York Giants, c. 1909

Supposed flags of New Spain

Flags

Coat of arms

The ancient division of New Spain

from mid 15 century to 1786

1. Kingdom of México
Major provinces of México, Oaxaca, Puebla de los Angeles, Tlaxcala, and Valladolid
2. Kingdom of Nueva Galicia
Major provinces of Colima, Nueva Galicia, and Zacatecas
3. Government of Yucatán
Major provinces of Campeche, Mérida, and Tabasco
4. Internal Provinces of the North
Major provinces of Chihuahua and Durango
5. Internal Provinces of the East
Major provinces of Nueva Extremadura, Nuevo León, Nuevo Santander, and Texas
6. Internal Provinces of the West
Major provinces of Nayarit, Nueva California, Nuevo México, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Vieja California

New Spain intendencias

Intendencias in the Kingdom of New Spain (1786-1821)

Intendencias:

Arizpe
Durango
Guadalajara
Guanajuato
Mérida
México
Oaxaca
Puebla de los Angeles
San Luis Potosí
Valladolid
Veracruz
Zacatecas

Provincias:

Coahuila
Nueva California
Nuevo León
Nuevo México
Nuevo Santander
Texas
Tlaxcala
Vieja California

Pax Romana

"inmensa Romanae pacis maiestate"
"The immense majesty of Roman peace"
"La inmensa majestuosidad de la paz Romana"
--- Gaius Plinius Secundus (a.k.a. Pliny "the Elder" or Plinio "El Viejo"), Naturalis Historia (27:3)

Complete citation:

itemque Aethiopidem ab exusto sideribus axe, alias praeterea aliunde ultro citroque humanae saluti in toto orbe portari, inmensa Romanae pacis maiestate non homines modo diversis inter se terris gentibusque, verum etiam montes et excedentia in nubes iuga partusque eorum et herbas quoque invicem ostentante! aeternum, quaeso, deorum sit munus istud! adeo Romanos velut alteram lucem dedisse rebus humanis videntur.

The origin of Romans' power

Iuppiter loquor:

Hic ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pono;
imperium sine fine dedi
--- Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneis (Liber I vv 278-279)


Jupiter speaks:

To these [the Romans] I place no boundaries in space or time;
I have given them empire without end
--- Publius Vergilius Maro, The Aeneid (Book 1 vv 278-279)


Júpiter habla:

A éstos [los romanos] no les pongo límites en espacio o tiempo;
les he dado imperio sin fin
--- Publio Virgilio Maro, La Eneida (Libro 1 vv 278-279)

The epigraph of "The Waste Land"

by Thomas Stearns (T.S.) Eliot

Nam Sybillam quidem Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum pueri illi dicerent: Στβμλλ τί Θέλεις; respondebat illa: άπσΘνειν Θελω.

The epigraph is taken from Chapter 48 of the Satyricon written by Gaius Petronius Arbiter (or Titus Petronius).

Complete citation from Chapter 48:

Latīna

Gaius Petronius Satiricon Liber (XLVIII)

"Rogo, inquit, Agamemnon mihi carissime, numquid duodecim aerumnas Herculis tenes, aut de Vlixe fabulam, quemadmodum illi Cyclops pollicem poricino extorsit? Solebam haec ego puer apud Homerum legere. Nam Sibyllam quidem Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum illi pueri dicerent: "Sibilla, ti thelis?", respondebat illa: "apothanin thelo".


English

Cayo Petronius Arbiter, Satyricon (Chapter 48)

"Pray, my dearest Agamemnon, do you recollect by any chance the twelve labors of Hercules, or the story of Ulysses, how the Cyclops twisted his thumb out of joint, after he was turned into a pig. I used to read these tales in Homer when I was a lad. Then the Sibyl! I saw her at Cumae with my own eyes hanging in a jar; and when the boys cried to her, 'Sibyl, what would you?' she'd answer, 'I would die,'--both of 'em speaking Greek."

Another version (translated by W. C. Firebaugh) The Gutemberg Project
http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5225

"Tell me, my dearest Agamemnon, do you remember the twelve labors of Hercules or the story of Ulysses, how the Cyclops threw his thumb out of joint with a pig-headed crowbar? When I was a boy, I used to read those stories in Homer. And then, there's the Sibyl: with my own eyes I saw her, at Cumae, hanging up in a jar; and whenever the boys would say to her 'Sibyl, Sibyl, what would you?' she would answer, 'I would die.'"


Español

Cayo Petronio, Satiricón (Capítulo 48).

"Ruega mi querido Agamenón, se acordarán ustedes de los doce trabajos de Hércules, o de la historia de Ulises. Cómo los cíclopes le dislocaron el pulgar, después de convertirlo en cerdo. Acostumbraba leer esos cuentos en Homero, cuando era un muchacho. ¡Y la sibila! La vi en Cuma con mis propios ojos colgada en una botella, y cuando los niños le gritaban, 'Sibila, ¿que es lo que deseas?' ella contestaba, 'Deseo morir,' -- ambos hablando en griego."

Otra versión:

"Dime, te ruego, mi queridísimo Agamenón, ¿recuerdas, por ventura, los doce trabajos de Hércules, o la leyenda de Ulises: cómo el cíclope descendiente de Forcis le torció el dedo pulgar? De niño yo solía leer estas cosas en Homero. En cuanto a la Sibila, yo la vi con mis propios ojos en Cumas, colgada dentro de una botella. Cuando los niños le preguntaban: «¿Qué quieres, Sibila?», ella respondía: «Quiero morir»"

Mottos of Mexican states

Aguascalientes:
"La cantina mas grande del mundo, cada Semana Santa" (feria de San Marcos)
"Every Holy Week, the world's biggest bar" (i.e. the San Marcos fair)

Baja California:
"La puerta principal to the USA"
"The main gate to the USA"

Baja California Sur:
"Proud to be parte de México" (note the bilingual motto)
"Proud to be part of Mexico"

Chiapas:
"La cuna de la locuras del Sub-comandante Marcos"
"The cradle of subcommander Marcos' madness"

Campeche:
"Nuestras selvas son bellas, pero no entre porque no le aseguramos que salga"
"Our jungles are beautiful, but do not enter because we cannot assure your exit"

Chihuahua:
"Gracias por su visita, por favor no mencione que Juan Gabriel es de Ciudad Juárez"
"Thanks for visiting, but please don't say that Juan Gabriel is from Ciudad Juarez"

Coahuila:
"En donde las mujeres no se casan, para no parir cab@#$%!"
"Where women don't marry to not give birth ass@#$%!"

Colima:
"Si dejáramos de existir nadie lo notaría"
"If we cease to exist nobody will notice"

D.F.:
"Ponga su slogan aquí, el nuestro fue robado"
"Put here your motto, our's was stolen"

Durango:
"Donde reina la aburrición, no hay playa ni equipo de fútbol"
"Where boredom is queen, there is no beach or football team"

Guerrero:
"Si nuestras playas están sucias, culpe a los chilangos"
"If our beaches are dirty, blame to Mexico City people"

Guanajuato:
"Donde todo mundo se emborracha en nombre de la cultura" (Festival Cervantino)
"Where everybody get drunk in the name of culture" (i.e. Cervantino fair)

Hidalgo:
"Nuestra capital nunca es acertada en los exámenes de geografía"
"Our capital is never guessed right in geography exams"

Jalisco:
"Tierra donde se dan los hombres (pero unos con otros)"
"Land where men give (but one gives to another)"

México:
"Por favor aprenda a querernos, no nos odie por estar cerca del D.F."
"Please learn to love us, don't hate us for being close to Mexico City"

Michoacán:
"Un estado con una sola petición: A todos los indocumentados de
USA por favor vuelvan pues nos estamos quedando sin gente"
"A state with a single request: To all the wetbacks in USA, please return because we are almost without people"

Morelos:
"Viviendo con la gran desgracia de ser el estado donde más vacilan los chilangos"
"Living with the disgrace of being the state where people from Mexico City parties"

Nayarit:
"Bienvenidos al verdadero sub-desarollo, todavia no sabemos lo que es un slogan"
"Welcome to the real third world, we still don't know what a motto is"

Nuevo León:
"No quisimos gastar en un slogan"
"We didn't want to spend in a motto"

Puebla:
"Siéntase como en la ciudad de México, somos igual de insoportables"
"Feel yourself like in Mexico City, we are unbearable like them"

Oaxaca:
"El trasero de México" (está en la parte de enmedio y es redondo)
"Mexico's butt" (i.e. the state is round and centered)

Querétaro:
"Donde se ideó nuestra independencia y todas las tonterías que se han hecho en el gobierno"
"Where we devised our independence and all the foolishness that the government has done"

Quintana Roo:
"Dios salve a Cancún. Si no fuera por Cancún quien sabe que fuera de nosotros"
"God save Cancun. If there were no Cancun who knows what would be of us"

San Luis Potosí:
"Bienvenidos a la tierra del peyote y del mayate"
"Welcome to the land of the peyote and the mayate" ("mayate" is an active gay cf. with a passive gay)

Sinaloa:
"Dios salve el narcotráfico, sustento de nuestra economía"
"God save drug trafficking, sustenance of our economy"

Sonora:
"Famosos por la calidad de nuestras carnes, pero no se atreva a verle las carnes a nuestras mujeres porque le partimos la m@%$#&*!"
"Famous by the quality of our meats, but don't dare to see our women's meat because we'll break your f@%$#&* face!"

Tabasco:
"Le debemos el slogan, nos dio flojera escribirlo"
"We owe you the motto, we are too lazy to write one"

Tamaulipas:
"Alabado sea el Señor y todos sus cárteles"
"Praised be the Lord and his (drug) cartels"

Tlaxcala:
"El estado mas 'X' de México"
"The most 'X' (dull) state in Mexico"

Veracruz:
"Un estado bien chi#@%$, hijos de su repu@# madre, cab@?*%$ y al que no le guste que chin$@#" a toda su M@^#^*)(^)#
"A f#@%$ nice state, you ass#@%$ son of your f#@%$ mother, and if somebody doesn't like our state he can f#@%$ his mother"

Yucatan:
"Mare, ¿qué es un slogan?"
"Mother, what is a motto?"

Zacatecas:
"El último en salir cierra la puerta"
"The last one leaving closes the door"

The badge

Urban Rangers

Tests to obtain the "hairy chest of resilience" badge.

1. The wax of the wailing.
2. The bumping of the funny bone.
3. The bramble bush of bellyache.
4. The pendulum of protest.
5. The tour of tears.

And ne forhtedon na

Saxon: "And ne forhtedon na"
Modern English: "Not at all frightened"
Español: "Y que no temieran"

Old English

"The Battle of Maldon" 17-24
http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/a9.html

ða þær Byrhtnoð ongan beornas trymian,
rad and rædde, rincum tæhte
hu hi sceoldon standan and þone stede healdan,

and bæd þæt hyra randas rihte heoldon
fæste mid folman, and ne forhtedon na.
þa he hæfde þæt folc fægere getrymmed,
he lihte þa mid leodon þær him leofost wæs,
þær he his heorðwerod holdost wiste.


Modern English

"The Battle of Maldon" 18-25
http://faculty.uca.edu/~jona/texts/maldon.htm

Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there,
rode and gave counsel, taught warriors
how they must stand and that stead hold,
bade them their round-shields rightly hold
fast with hands, not at all frightened.
When he had fairly arrayed that folk,
he dismounted among them where it most pleased him,
where he knew his hearth-band most loyal


Español

"La Batalla de Maldon" 18-25

Entonces comenzó Byrhtnoth a arengar a los hombres
Cabalgando les aconsejó, enseñó a sus guerreros
Cómo debían pararse y defender sus lugares
Les ordenó que sostuvieran bien sus escudos
con sus puños firmes y que no temieran.
Entonces cuando sus huestes estuvieron bien ordenadas
Byrhtnoth descansó entre sus hombres donde más le gustaba estar
Entre aquellos guerreros que él sabía más fieles.


"And ne forhtedon na" es el epitafio de Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/~cmunoz11/artificio.html

Sic transit gloria mundi

XXXIII.

Sed quid ego amplius de religione atque pietate Christiana in imperatore? quem necesse est suspiciamus ut eum quem dominus noster elegit, ut merito dixerim: Noster est magis Caesar, a nostro deo constitutus. Itaque ut meo plus ego illi operor in salutem, siquidem non solum ab eo postulo eam qui potest praestare, aut quod talis postulo qui merear impetrare, sed etiam quod temperans maiestatem Caesaris infra deum magis illum commendo deo, cui soli subicio. Subicio autem cui non adaequo. Non enim deum imperatorem dicam, vel quia mentiri nescio, vel quia illum deridere non audeo, vel quia nec ipse se deum volet dici. Si homo sit, interest homini deo cedere. Satis habeat appellari imperator. Grande et hoc nomen est, quod a deo traditur. Negat illum imperatorem qui deum dicit; nisi homo sit non est imperator. Hominem se esse etiam triumphans in illo sublimissimo curru admonetur. Suggeritur enim ei a tergo: Respice post te! Hominem te memento! Et utique hoc magis gaudet tanta se gloria coruscare, ut illi admonitio condicionis suae sit necessaria. Minor erat, si tunc deus diceretur quia non vere diceretur. Maior est qui revocatur, ne se deum existimet.

--- Quinto Séptimo Florencio Tertuliano, Apologeticum

CAPITULO XXXIII. ---- QUE EL EMPERADOR NO ES DIOS, SINO PURO HOMBRE.

Pero ¿qué puedo yo decir de la piedad y respeto que tienen los cristianos con los emperadores? Venerámosle como á hombre á quien eligió Dios entre todos ; y como le puso en aquel estado nuestro Señor, con razón decimos: el César es más nuestro, pues nuestro Dios lo hizo César. Siendo, pues, más mío que vuestro, más debo yo trabajar por su salud, no sólo porque pido con méritos para impetrar á quien puede dar lo que le pido, sino porque templando la majestad del César con la inmediata sujeción y subordinación á Dios, más lo encomiendo á su cuidado cuando á él tan solamente lo sujeto; pero á quien lo sujeto no lo igualo.

El no querer llamar Dios al emperador no es odio, sino servicio suyo: rehusamos este lenguaje ó por no saber mentir, ó por no atrevernos á burlar de nuestro príncipe con la adulación, ó porque haciéndose de los hombres los emperadores, por ventura no querrá dejar de ser hombre, ó porque es conveniencia suya el dar á Dios la ventaja. Harto tiene con llamarse emperador. Grande es aún el nombre que Dios puede dar tan solamente. El que lo llama Dios le quita el imperio, que son hombres los que imperan. Aun en aquel sublimísimo carro se le avisa de la condición de su naturaleza. A las espaldas del emperador triunfante va un ministro que le dice: «Mira tras de ti: acuérdate que eres hombre.» Y llanamente más se goza viéndose en tanto lustre de gloría, que sea necesario el acuerdo de su naturaleza. Menor sería si entonces se dejase llamar Dios, que la menoscabaría una mentira. Mayor es que la honra sea tanta, que sea necesario detener el pensamiento para que no lo piense.

--- Quinto Séptimo Florencio Tertuliano, Apología

http://www.tertullian.org/articles/manero/manero2_apologeticum.htm

Nicknames

***** Apodos en la casa de Ptolomeo *****

Faraones:

Auletes (El flautista)
Epiphanes (El bien nacido)
Evergetes (El pródigo)
Lathyros (El chícharo)
Philadelphus (El amante de sus hermanos)
Philometor (El amante de sus madre)
Philopator (El amante de su padre)
Physcon (El panzón)
Soter (El preservador/protector)
Ptolomeo X Pareisaktos (El que ascendió furtivamente al trono)
Cleopatra III Kokke (La ruda/perra/cucú)
Ptolomeo VIII: Evergetes (El benefactor), Kakergetes (El malhechor), Neoteros (El jóven), Physcon (El guatón)
Ptolomeo Eupator (De padre noble)
Cleopatra Evergetis (La benefactora) o Thea (la diosa)

***** Apodos bizantinos *****

Emperadores (Basileus) del Imperio Romano de Oriente:

Constantino IV Pogonatus (El barbón) 668-685
Justiniano II Rhinotmetus (El nariz partida) 685-695 y 705-711
Constantino V Coprónimo (¿El nombre de mierda?) 741 y 743-775 (cuando de niño lo estaban bautizando, tuvo un 'accidente' y literalmente desacralizó la fuente bautismal.)
Artabasdo Iconofilos (El adorador de imágenes) 741-743
Miguel II Traulos/Psellos (El tartamudo) 820-829
Miguel III Metysos (El borracho) 842-867
León VI Logos (El sabio) 886-912
Constantino VII Porfirogénico (El nacido púrpura) 913-959
Romano II Porfirogénico (El nacido púrpura) 959-963
Basilio II Boulgaroktonos (El mata-búlgaros) 976-1025
Miguel V Calaphates (El calafateador) 1041-1042
Miguel VI Stratioticus (El guerrero) 1056-1057
Miguel VII Parapinakes (El menos un-cuarto) 1067-1078
Juan II Kalos (El hermoso) 1118-1143
Alexius V Murtzouphlos (El cejudo) 1204-1205

Imperator:

Claudius Tiberius Nero fue llamado "Caldidus Biberius Mero" por ser supuestamente aficionado al vino.


***** Otros apodos *****

Dio Chrysostom (El boca dorada)
Antígono Monophthalmus (El tuerto, lit. un ojo)
Demetrio I Poliorcetes (El sitiador)
Marco Tulio Cicerón (cicer = chícharo)
Antioco VII Grypus (El nariz de gancho)
Alexander II Zabinas (El esclavo)
Seleuco I Nicator (El victorioso)
Antioco II Theos (el dios)
Seleuco II Callinicus (El hermoso victorioso)
Seleuco III Ceraunus (El trueno)
Alejandro Balas (El señor/amo)
Diodoto Tryphon (El suavecito)
Antioco IX Eusebes (El piadoso)
Demetrio III Eucaerus (El oportuno) o Akairos (El inoportuno)
Seleuco VII Kybiosaktes (¿El mata-pescados? ¿El carnicero de pescados?)
Filipo II Philoromaeus (El pro-Roma) o Barypos (El pie pesado ¿patón?)
Antioco IV Epifanes (El ilustre) también Epimanes (El loco)
Antioco Hierax (El halcón)
Darío II Nothos (El bastardo)

Citas - General Lee

Duty then is the sublimest word in the English language.
You should do your duty in all things.
You can never do more. You should never wish to do less.

General Robert E. Lee

Citas - Blade Runner

I've seen things you people wouldn't believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion. I watched C-beams glitter in the darkness at Tan Hauser (Tannhauser) Gate. All those moments will be lost in time like tears in rain. Time to die.
--- Roy Batty, Blade Runner 1982

URBI GUATIMALÆ

URBI GUATIMALÆ
from Rusticatio Mexicana by Raphael Landivar, 1782

Salve, cara Parens, dulcis Guatimala, salve,
Delicium vitae, fons, & origo meae:
Quam iuvat, Alma, tuas animo pervolvere dotes,
Temperiem, fontes, compita, templa, lares.
Iam mihi frondosos videor discernere montes,
Ac iugi virides munere veris agros.
Saepius in mentem subeunt labentia circum
Flumina, et umbrosis litora tecta comis:
Tum vario cultu penetralia compta domorum,
Plurimaque Idaliis picta vireta rosis.
Quid vero, aurato repeto si splendida luxu
Serica, vel Tyrio vellera tincta mari?
Haec mihi semper erunt patrii nutrimen amoris,
Inque artis rebus dulce levamen erunt.
Sed fallor: placidam, Ah! versant ludibria mentem,
Illuduntque animo somnia vana meo!
Nam quae arces, magnique caput spectabile regni
Urbs fuerat nuper, nunc lapidum cumulus.
Non aedes, non templa manent, non compita genti,
Nec qua tuta petat culmina montis habet.
Omnia praecipiti volvuntur lapsa ruina,
ceu Iovis alatis ignibus icta forent.
Quid tamen haec doleo? Surgunt iam celsa sepulcro
Limina, se tollunt ardua templa polo.
Flumine iam fontes undant, iam compita turba,
Iamque optata venit civibus alma quies.
Scilicet, ut Phariae volucri, felicior urbi
E proprio rursus pulvere vita redit.
Gaude igitur, rediviva Parens, Urbs inclyta regni,
Excidioque novo libera vive diu:
Et clarum subita partum de morte triumphum
Laudibus ipse tuum promptus in astra feram.
Interea raucum, luctus solatia, plectrum
Accipe; sisque loco muneris ipsa mihi.

Ciudad de Guatemala
(Rusticatio Mexicana de Raphael Landivar, 1782)

Salve, mi Patria querida, mi dulce Guatemala, salve,
delicias y amor de mi vida, mi fuente y origen
¡Cuánto me place, Nutricia, volver a pensar en tus dotes,
tu cielo, tus fuentes, tus plazas, tus templos, tus lares!
Paréceme ya distinguir el perfil de tus montes frondosos,
y tus verdes campiñas regalo de tiernos abriles.
Acuden con mucha frecuencia a mi mente los ríos doquiera
rodantes, y umbrosas riberas tejidas de frondas
también entre el lujo variado suntuosas las íntimas salas
y muchos vergeles pintados de Idálicas rosas.
¿Y si busco en mi mente entre el lujo dorado brillantes
las Sedas, o tintos vellones de playas de Tiro?
Serán para mí como pábulo eterno de amor a la patria,
y siempre en mis penas dulzura y consuelo serán.

Mas ¡Ay! que me engaño: son burlas que turban mi plácida mente,
y vanas quimeras que juegan con esta alma fría.
Que aquellos torreones, cabeza señera de reino tan noble,
ciudad antes fueran, y ahora montones de piedras.
Ni casas, ni templos ya quedan, ni plazas que junten al pueblo,
ni trocha que guíe a las cumbres seguras del monte.
Ya todo se vuelca rodando entre ruina volenta,
cual si golpes de Jove con rayos alados lo hiriese.

¿Más qué digo doliente? si ya del sepulcro resurgen excelsas
mansiones, y altivos se yerguen los templos al cielo.
Ya inundan las fuentes al río, ya bullen las calles de gente,
ya llega a mi pueblo feraz y anhelada quietud:
como aquella ave Fénix, recobra la dicha con creces el valle
al volver del mismísimo polvo de nuevo a la vida.

Alégrate, Patria inmortal, la más ínclita urbe del reino,
y de nueva ruina ya libre, pervive mil años:
La fama nacida al vencer a la súbita muerte, tu triunfo,
yo mismo y mi canto está pronto a llevarlo a los astros.
Mi plectro entre tanto de ronco tañido, solaces del llanto,
recibe, y que seas en cambio tú misma mi lauro.

South America 1799

Preussen 1905

Deutschland 1871

Distritos de México

I. DISTRITO FEDERAL

Ciudad
1. México

Distritos
1. Guadalupe.
2. Xochimilco.
3. Tlalpan.
4. Tacubaya.

II. DURANGO

Partidos
1. Durango.
2. Nombre de Dios
3. Mezquital.
4. Santiago
5. Cuencamé.
6. El Oro.
7. San Juan de Guadalupe.
8. Mapimí.
9. Nazas.
10. San Juan del Río.
11. Tamazula.
12. Indé.
13. San Dimas.

III. ZACATECAS

Partidos
1. Zacatecas.
2. Fresnillo.
3. Sombrerete.
4. Jeréz.
5. Nieves.
6. Mazapil.
7. Pinos.
8. Ojo Caliente.
9. Villanueva.
10. Juchipila.
11. Tlaltenango.
12. Nochistlán.

IV. AGUASCALIENTES

Partidos
1. Aguascalientes.
2. Calpulalpam.
3. Ocampo.
4. Calvillo.

V. SAN LUIS POTOSÍ

Partidos
1. San Luis Potosí.
2. Santa María del Río.
3. Tancanhuitz.
4. El Mineral de Catorce.
5. Guadalcázar.
6. Cerritos.
7. Venado.
8. Salinas.
9. Río Verde.
10. Ciudad del Maíz.
11. Alaquinez.
12. Ciudad de Valles.
13. Tamazunchale.

VI. GUANAJUATO

Departamentos
1. Guanajuato.
2. Allende.
3. Celaya.
4. León.
5. Sierra Gorda.

VII. QUERÉTARO

Distritos
1. Querétaro.
2. Cadereita.
3. Jalpan.
4. San Pedro Tolimán.
5. Amealco.
6. San Juan del Río.

VIII. HIDALGO

Distritos
1. Pachuca.
2. Apam.
3. Huichapan.
4. Atotonilco.
5. Huejutla.
6. Ixmiquilpan.
7. Jacala.
8. Metztitlán.
9. Molanco.
10. Tulancingo.
11. Actopan.
12. Zimapán.
13. Tula.
14. Zacualtipán.

IX. MÉXICO

Distritos
1. Toluca.
2. Cuautitlán.
3. Chalco.
4. Ixtlahuaca.
5. Jilotepec.
6. Lerma.
7. Texcoco.
8. Morelos.
9. Tenango.
10. Sultepec.
11. Temascaltepec.
12. Tenancingo.
13. Tlalnepantla.
14. Valle de Bravo.
15. Zumpango.

X. MORELOS

Distritos
1. Cuernavaca.
2. Yautepec.
3. Tetecala.
4. Cuautla.
5. Jonacatepec.
6. Juárez.

XI. PUEBLA

Distritos
1. Puebla.
2. Alatriste.
3. Atlixco.
4. Chalchicomula.
5. Cholula.
6. Huauchinango.
7. Huejotzingo.
8. San Juan de los Llanos.
9. Matamoros.
10. Tecali.
11. Tecamachalco.
12. Tehuacán.
13. Tepeaca.
14. Tepexi.
15. Teziutlán.
16. Tetela.
17. Tlatlauquitepec.
18. Zacapoaxtla.
19. Zacatlán.
20. Acatlán.
21. Chiautla.

XII. TLAXCALA

Distritos
1. Hidalgo.
2. Zaragoza.
3. Juárez.
4. Morelos.
5. Ocampo.
6. Barrón Escandón.


XIII. SONORA

Distritos
1. Hermosillo.
2. Úres.
3. Guaymas.
4. Álamos.
5. Moctezuma.
6. Arizpe.
7. Altar.
8. Magdalena.
9. Sahuaripa.

XIV. CHIHUAHUA

Distritos
1. Iturbide.
2. Hidalgo.
3. Bravos.
4. Abasolo.
5. Guerrero.
6. Camargo.
7. Jiménez.
8. Andrés del Río.
9. Arteaga.

XV. COAHUILA

Distritos
1. Saltillo.
2. Parras de la Fuente.
3. Viesca.
4. Monclova de Múzquiz.
5. Río Grande de Zaragoza.

XVI. NUEVO LEON

Distritos
1. Primero.
2. Segundo.
3. Tercer.
4. Cuarto.
5. Quinto.
6. Sexto.
7. Séptimo.
8. Octavo.
9. Noveno.
10. Décimo.

XVII. TAMAULIPAS

Distritos
1. Centro.
2. Norte.
3. Sur.
4. Cuarto.

XVIII. VERACRUZ

Cantones
1. Orizaba.
2. Acayucan.
3. Coatepec.
4. Córdoba.
5. Cosamaloapan.
6. Huatusco.
7. Minatitlán.
8. Misantla.
9. Chicontepec.
10. Jalapa.
11. Jalacingo.
12. Ozuluama.
13. Tuxtla.
14. Papantla.
15. Tantoyuca.
16. Veracruz.
17. Tuxpan.
18. Zongolica.

XIX. TABASCO

Partidos
1. San Juan Bautista.
2. Cárdenas.
3. Comalcalco.
4. Jonutla.
5. Cunduacán.
6. Frontera.
7. Huimanguillo.
8. Jalapa.
9. Jalpa.
10. Macuspana.
11. Nacajupa.
12. Tacotalpa.
13. Teapa.
14. Balancán.

XX. CAMPECHE

Partidos
1. Campeche.
2. El Carmen.
3. Champotón.
4. Hecelchacán.
5. Bolonchenticul.

XXI. YUCATAN

Partidos
1. Mérida.
2. Acanceh.
3. Hunucmá.
4. Motul.
5. Temax.
6. Maxcanú.
7. Espita.
8. Sotuta.
9. Izamal.
10. Tixcocob.
11. Progreso.
12. Valladolid.
13. Ticul.
14. Tekax.
15. Peto.
16. Tizimín.

XXII. SINALOA

Distritos
1. Culiacán.
2. Concordia.
3. Mazatlán.
4. San Ignacio.
5. Cosalá.
6. El Rosario.
7. Mocorito.
8. Badiraguato.
9. Sinaloa.
10. El Fuerte.

XXIII. JALISCO

Cantones
1. Guadalajara.
2. Lagos.
3. La Barca.
4. Sayula.
5. Ameca.
6. Autlán.
7. Colotlán.
8. Ciudad Guzmán.
9. Mascota.
10. Teocaltiche.
11. Tequila.

XXIV. COLIMA

Partidos
1. Centro.
2. Alvarez.
3. Medellín.

XXV. MICHOACÁN

Distritos
1. Morelia.
2. Zinapécuaro.
3. Maravatío.
4. Zitácuaro.
5. Huetamo.
6. Tacámbaro.
7. Ario.
8. Pátzcuaro.
9. Uruapan.
10. Apatzingán.
11. Coalcomán.
12. Jiquilpan.
13. Zamora.
14. La Piedad.
15. Puruándiro.

XXVI. GUERRERO

Distritos
1. Abasolo.
2. Alarcón.
3. Allende.
4. Aldama.
5. Álvarez.
6. Bravos.
7. Galeana.
8. Guerrero.
9. Hidalgo.
10. La Unión.
11. Mina.
12. Morelos.
13. Tabares.
14. Zaragoza.

XXVII. OAXACA

Distritos
1. Centro.
2. Coixtlahuaca.
3. Cuicatlán.
4. Choapan.
5. Ejutla.
6. Etla.
7. Huajuapan de León.
8. Jamiltepec.
9. Juchitán.
10. Juquila.
11. Juxtlahuaca.
12. Miahuatlán.
13. Nochistlán.
14. Ocotlán de Morelos.
15. Pochutla.
16. Silacayoapan.
17. Teotitlán del Camino.
18. Tehuantepec.
19. Tepescolula.
20. Tuxtepec.
21. Tlacolula.
22. Tlaxiaco.
23. Villa Alta.
24. Villa Álvarez.
25. Villa Juárez.
26. Yautepec.

XXVIII. CHIAPAS

Departamentos
1. San Cristóbal.
2. Comitán.
3. La Libertad.
4. Soconusco.
5. Chiapa.
6. Simojovel.
7. Tuxtla.
8. Tonalá.
9. Pichucalco.
10. Chilón.
11. Palenque.

XXIX. BAJA CALIFORNIA (Territorio)

Distritos
1. Sur.
2. Centro.
3. Norte.

XXX. TEPIC (Territorio)

Partidos
1. Tepic.
2. San Blas.
3. Compostela.
4. Ahuacatlán.
5. Santiago Ixcuintla.
6. Acaponeta.

Sobre los indios mexicanos

Carácter de los mexicanos y demás naciones de Anáhuac.
Francisco Xavier Clavijero, 1780.

Son y han sido siempre muy sobrios en la comida; pero es vehe­mente su inclinación a los licores espirituosos. En otro tiempo la se­veridad de las leyes los contenían en su beber; hoy la abundancia de semejantes licores y la impunidad de la embriaguez los han puesto en tal estado, que la mitad de la nación no acaba el día en su juicio.

http://www.inep.org

Ejército Imperial de México 1821-23

INFANTERÍA REGULAR
Organizada el 16 de octubre de 1821.

1 Cuerpo de Granaderos
8 Regimientos Numerados

Regimiento de Granaderos. Formado con el de Granaderos Imperiales, los Granaderos del Comercio y el piquete que había del Batallón Activo de Guadalajara. Bajo el mando del Coronel José Joaquín de Herrera.

Regimientos de Infantería:

Nº 1.- Integrado con los cuerpos trigarantes de Celaya, Guanajuato y Santa Rita, más los piquetes de Malinalco y Sierra Alta, las Compañías de Guanajuato, de Seguridad Pública y los Fusileros del Comercio. Su Coronel sería el generalísimo Agustín de Iturbide y su Teniente Coronel, el Coronel graduado Pablo María Mauliá.
Nº 2.- Compuesto por los infantes de Depósito Central de México y las fracciones de los Regimientos del Imperio, de Tres Villas y de Santo Domingo. Como jefe del regimiento quedaría el Brigadier Rafael Ramiro.
Nº 3.- Formado por los cuerpos de: Fernando VII, Libertad, Provincial de México, más las Compañías de Puebla. Jefe del regimiento: Coronel Miguel Torres.
Nº 4.- Se compuso por: Regimiento de la Corona, Batallones Voluntarios de la Patria y 1º Americano. El jefe de esta unidad sería el Conde de Pedro del Alamo.
Nº 5.- Formado por: Tropas Insurgentes surianas. El jefe sería el Coronel José María Lobato.
Nº 6.- Constituido por: Regimiento Ligero de Querétaro, Batallones: Constancia, Zamora y Valladolid. Coronel: Juán Dominguez.
Nº 7.- Integrado por el Regimiento Fijo de México y el Batallón de Oaxaca.
Nº 8.- Integrado por el Cuerpo de Cazadores del Imperio y el Batallón Unión. Su Coronel: Antonio López de Santa Anna.

ARTILLERÍA REGULAR
Organizada el 12 de diciembre de 1821.

Formado con la organización que tenía en la época colonial: una Brigada de tres Compañias Veteranas a pie y otra más "Suelta".

CABALLERÍA REGULAR
Organizada el 24 de diciembre de 1821.

Formado por el Regimiento de Granaderos Imperiales y 11 Regimientos numerados de Dragones.

Regimientos:

Nº 1.- Regimientos de la Reina, del Rey, la 1ª Compañía de América, la Compañía del Río y los piquetes de México y Zitácuaro.
Nº 2.- Regimientos de Moncada, Defensores de la Patria, de la Frontera, del Nuevo Santander y por la 2ª Compañía de América.
Nº 3.- Regimiento de San Luis.
Nº 4.- Regimiento del Príncipe y el de Dragones de Tulancingo y por los escuadrones de la Unión y de Jonacatepec.
Nº 5.- Regimiento Fieles de Potosí y los escuadrones de la Libertad y Patriotas de Guanajuato.
Nº 6.- Regimiento Dragones de Toluca.
Nº 7.- Regimientos Dragones de Puebla y de Flanqueadores, escuadrones de Tehuacán y de Santo Domingo y por la Compañía de Perote.
Nº 8.- Regimiento de Dragones de Querétaro y de Sierra Gorda.
Nº 9.- Regimiento de San Carlos y las partidas de Jonacatepec, de Apan, de Tlaxcala y de Rivera.
Nº 10.- Regimiento de Dragones de Pátzcuaro.
Nº 11.- Regimiento de Dragones de México y las escoltas de los señores Vicente Guerrero y Nicolás Bravo, quedando éste último como comandante del regimiento.

GUARDIA IMPERIAL

Regimiento de Granaderos de Infantería creado el 7 de noviembre de 1821.
Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo creado el 24 de diciembre de 1821. El 10 de septiembre de 1825 el Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo se fundió con el 2º Regimiento de Caballería.

TROPAS DE MILICIAS PROVINCIALES

INFANTERÍA
Regimientos Provinciales de Puebla, Fijo de Veracruz, de Toluca, de Guadalajara y de Zacatecas; más las compañías sueltas de San Blas, Acapulco, de Policía de México, de Pardos y Morenos de Veracruz.

CABALLERÍA
Regimientos Provinciales de la Frontera, de Nueva Galicia, de Colotlán, de Lanceros de Veracruz y de Dragones de Guadalajara, Durango, Aguascalientes, Huichapan, Jalapa, Mazatlán y de San Fernando.

ARTILLERÍA
Cinco compañías milicianas en México y dos más en Yucatán.

INGENIEROS

Creado en marzo de 1822.

http://www.getphpbb.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?p=72230&sid=aa8e6f621d08dfefe066f50051e983e9&mforum=maf

Ejército de Nueva España

Siglo 16

Alabarderos de la Guardia del Excelentísimo Señor Virrey (1564)
Compañías Presidiales (1570)
Encomenderos y Hombres de Armas
Flota de Nueva España (1567 -1778)

Siglo 17

Compañía de Alabarderos del Virrey (1564)
Compañías Presidiales (1570)
Compañía Urbana de Plateros de México (1683)
Regimiento Urbano del Comercio de México (1693)
Armada de Barlovento (¿? -1748)
Compañías de la Guardia del Real palacio (1695)

Siglo 18 (antes de 1765)

TROPAS VETERANAS Y CUERPOS FIJOS
Alabarderos de la Guardía del Excelentísimo Señor Virrey (1564)
Compañías de la Guardía del Real Palacio (1695 -1765)
Compañías Presidiales (1570)
Regimiento de Dragones de Veracruz (1727 -1764)
Compañía de Artillería de Veracruz (1727 -1793)
Batallón de Infantería de la Corona (1740 -1764)
Guarnición y Compañía Fija de Acapulco (1740)
Batallón de Infantería de Castilla (1753)
Compañía de Inválidos (1764)
Regimiento de Dragones de España (1764)
Regimiento de Dragones de México (1765)

MILICIAS URBANAS
Compañía Urbana de Infantería de Plateros de México (1683)
Regimiento Urbano del Comercio de México (1693)
Cuerpo Urbano de Infantería del Comercio de México (1739)
Compañía de Caballería de Panaderos de México (1740 - 1787)
Compañía de Caballería de Tocineros de México (1740 - 1787)
Regimiento del Comercio de Puebla (1742)
Milicias Urbanas de Veracruz (1764- 1772)

MILICIAS PROVINCIALES
Cuerpo de Caballería Provincial de Sierra Gorda (C.1740)
Compañía de Lanceros de Veracruz (C.1740 - 1780) pasaría a ser un "Escuadrón"
Compañías de Pardos y Morenos de Puebla (C.1760)
Compañías de Pardos y Morenos de Veracruz (C.1760)
Compañías de Pardos y Morenos de México (1765)

TROPAS NAVALES
Armada de Nueva España (1569 -1778)
Armada de Barlovento (¿? - 1748)
Batallón de Infantería de Marina de Barlovento (1731 -1749)

TROPAS PENINSULARES
Regimiento de Infantería Real América (1764 -¿?)
Regimiento Real de la Reina Nº 2 gemelo (1764 -1769)
Compañía de Voluntarios Catalanes (1764)

Siglo 18 (de 1765 a 1800)

TROPAS VETERANAS Y CUERPOS FIJOS
Alabarderos de la Guardía del Excelentísimo Señor Virrey (1564)
Compañías Presidiales (1570)
Compañía de Artillería de Veracruz (1727 -1793)
Guarnición y Compañía Fija de Acapulco (1740)
Batallón de Infantería de Castilla (1753)
Compañía de Inválidos (1764)
Regimiento de Dragones de España (1764)
Compañías de Voluntarios de Cataluña (1764)
1ª Compañía: Compañía Franca de Voluntarios
2ª Compañía: Fusileros de la Montaña
Regimiento de Dragones de México (1765)
Regimiento de Infantería de la Corona de Nueva España (1767)
Compañías Volantes (1767)*
Compañía de Dragones de Yucatán (C. 1770)
Compañía del Presidio de Bacalar (1771)
Guarnición del Presidio del Carmen (1773)
Compañía de San Blas (1773)
Tropa Ligera (1778)*
Regimiento de Infantería de Nueva España (1786)
Regimiento de Infantería de México (1786)
Regimiento de Infantería de Puebla (1789)
Batallón de Infantería de Veracruz (1792)

* Complemento de las Compañías Presidiales

MILICIAS URBANAS
Compañía Urbana de Infantería de Plateros de México (1683)
Regimiento Urbano del Comercio de México (1693)
Cuerpo Urbano de Infantería del Comercio de México (1739)
Compañía de Caballería de Panaderos de México (1740 - 1787)
Compañía de Caballería de Tocineros de México (1740 - 1787)
Regimiento de Infantería del Comercio de Puebla (1742)
Milicias Urbanas de Veracruz (1764- 1772) (1777 - 1796)
Compañías de Milicias Urbanas de Yucatán (1778)
Escuadrón Urbano de Caballería de los Gremios de México (1787)

MILICIAS PROVINCIALES
Cuerpo de Caballería Provincial de Sierra Gorda (C.1740)
Compañía de Lanceros de Veracruz (C.1740 - 1780) pasaría a ser un "Escuadrón"
Compañías de Pardos y Morenos de Puebla (C.1760)
Compañías de Pardos y Morenos de Veracruz (C.1760)
Regimiento de Dragones de Puebla (1764)
Regimiento de Caballería de Santiago de Querétaro (1765)
Regimiento de Infantería de México (1765 - 1771) (1780)
Regimiento de Infantería de Puebla (1765 - 1775) (1796)
Regimiento de Infantería de Tlaxcala (1765 - 1775) (1796)
Regimiento de Infantería de Pardos de México (1765 - 1771) reorganizado en 1777.
Regimiento de Infantería de Toluca (1765)
Regimiento de Infantería de Córdoba (1765)
Batallón de Infantería de Veracruz (1765 - 1769)
Batallón de Infantería de Oaxaca (1766)
Compañías de Milicias de Pardos de Guadalajara (1766 - 1780)
Batallón de Infantería de Jalapa (1766)
Regimiento de Veracruz y Jalapa (1766 -1775)
Cuerpo de Milicias de Valladolid y Pátzcuaro (1767 - 1778)
Legión del Príncipe (1767 - 1788)**
Legión de San Carlos (1767 - 1788)**
Compañías de Tiradores Pardos de Campeche (1767 - 1778)
Regimiento de Infantería de Milicias de Pardos de Yucatán (1767 - 1778)
Regimiento de Milicias Blancas de Campeche (1767)
Regimiento de Voluntarios Blancos de Mérida (1767)
Regimiento de Infantería Provincial de Tlaxcala y Puebla (1775 - 1796)
Regimiento de Infantería de Córdoba, Orizaba y Jalapa (1775)
Compañías Sueltas de Tiradores Pardos de Mérida y Campeche (1778)
Milicias de la Frontera de San Luis de Colotlán (1781)
Dragones de Nueva Vizcaya (1782)
Regimiento de Infantería de Milicias de Valladolid (1788)
Regimiento de Dragones de Michoacán (1788)
Batallón de Infantería de Milicias de Guanajuato (1788)
Regimiento Provincial de Dragones del Príncipe (1788)
Regimiento Provincial de Dragones de la Reina (1788)
Regimiento Provincial de Dragones de San Luis (1788)
Regimiento Provincial de Dragones de San Carlos (1788)
Batallón Ligero de Infantería de México (1792)
Batallón Ligero de Infantería de Mextitlán (1792)
Batallón Ligero de Infantería de Tulacingo (1792)
Batallón Ligero de Infantería de Taxco (1792)
Compañía Ligera de Infantería de Tixla (1792)
Compañía Ligera de Infantería de Chilapa (1792)
Cuerpo de Caballería del Nuevo Santander (1792)
Compañías Mixtas de las Costas Norte y Sur (1793)
Batallón Provincial de Infantería de Guadalajara (1796)
Regimiento de Dragones de Nueva Galicia (1796)

TROPAS NAVALES
Armada de Nueva España (1569 -1778)

TROPAS PENINSULARES
1 Regimiento Real de la Reina Nº 2 gemelo (1764 -1769)
Regimiento de Infantería Real América (1764 -1771)
Batallón de Infantería de Ultonia (1768 - 1771)
Batallón de Infantería de Flandes (1768 - 1772)
Batallón de Infantería de Saboya (1768 - 1773)
Regimiento de Infantería de Castilla (1768 -¿?)
Regimiento de Infantería de Granada (1768 - ¿?)
Regimiento de Infantería de Zamora (1768 - ¿?)
Regimiento de Infantería de Guadalajara (1768 - ¿?)

** De su descomposición surgieron nuevas unidades pero el año de estas algunos autores las refieren hacia el año de 1788, mientras que otros hacia 1796.

http://www.getphpbb.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?p=72230&sid=aa8e6f621d08dfefe066f50051e983e9&mforum=maf

Hay que medir fuerzas

Luke 14 (New International Version)

28 "Suppose one of you wants to build a tower. Will he not first sit down and estimate the cost to see if he has enough money to complete it? 29 For if he lays the foundation and is not able to finish it, everyone who sees it will ridicule him, 30 saying, 'This fellow began to build and was not able to finish.'

31 "Or suppose a king is about to go to war against another king. Will he not first sit down and consider whether he is able with ten thousand men to oppose the one coming against him with twenty thousand? 32 If he is not able, he will send a delegation while the other is still a long way off and will ask for terms of peace.

Vulgata

Vulgate with Douay-Rheims and King James Version
http://www.latinvulgate.com/

Another Vulgate with Douay-Rheims and King James Version
http://douay.mrklingon.org/

The Vulgate
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/Vulgate/

Vulgata Clementina
http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/

Nova Vulgata
http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html

De profundis

Latīna

Psalmi 129 (Vulgata)

Canticum graduum

1 De profundis clamavi ad te Domine
2 Domine exaudi vocem meam fiant aures tuae intendentes ad vocem deprecationis meae
3 si iniquitates observabis Domine Domine quis sustinebit
4 quia tecum est propitiatio cum terribilis sis sustinui Dominum sustinuit anima mea et verbum eius expectavi
5 anima mea ad Dominum
6 a vigilia matutina usque ad vigiliam matutinam expectet Israhel Dominum
7 quia apud Dominum misericordia et multa apud eum redemptio
8 et ipse redimet Israhel ex omnibus iniquitatibus eius

Liber Psalmorum 129 (Vulgata Clementina)

1 Canticum graduum.
De profundis clamavi ad te, Domine;
2 Domine, exaudi vocem meam.
Fiant aures tuæ intendentes in vocem deprecationis meæ.
3 Si iniquitates observaveris, Domine,
Domine, quis sustinebit?
4 Quia apud te propitiatio est;
et propter legem tuam sustinui te, Domine.
Sustinuit anima mea in verbo ejus:
5 speravit anima mea in Domino.
6 A custodia matutina usque ad noctem,
speret Israël in Domino.
7 Quia apud Dominum misericordia,
et copiosa apud eum redemptio.
8 Et ipse redimet Israël
ex omnibus iniquitatibus ejus.


English

Psalm 130 (New American Standard Bible)

Hope in the LORD'S Forgiving Love.
A Song of Ascents.

1 Out of the depths I have cried to You, O LORD.
2 Lord, hear my voice!
Let Your ears be attentive
To the voice of my supplications.
3 If You, LORD, should mark iniquities,
O Lord, who could stand?
4 But there is forgiveness with You,
That You may be feared.
5 I wait for the LORD, my soul does wait,
And in His word do I hope.
6 My soul waits for the Lord
More than the watchmen for the morning;
Indeed, more than the watchmen for the morning.
7 O Israel, hope in the LORD;
For with the LORD there is lovingkindness,
And with Him is abundant redemption.
8 And He will redeem Israel
From all his iniquities.


Español

Salmos 130 (Reina-Valera 1960)

Esperanza en que Jehová dará redención
Cántico gradual.

1 De lo profundo, oh Jehová, a ti clamo.
2 Señor, oye mi voz;
Estén atentos tus oídos
A la voz de mi súplica.
3 JAH, si mirares a los pecados,
¿Quién, oh Señor, podrá mantenerse?
4 Pero en ti hay perdón,
Para que seas reverenciado.
5 Esperé yo a Jehová, esperó mi alma;
En su palabra he esperado.
6 Mi alma espera a Jehová
Más que los centinelas a la mañana,
Más que los vigilantes a la mañana.
7 Espere Israel a Jehová,
Porque en Jehová hay misericordia,
Y abundante redención con él;
8 Y él redimirá a Israel
De todos sus pecados.

Regimientos de España en América

Asamblea de Infantería de Lima (Perú)
Batallón Fijo del Callao, Lima (Perú)
Estado Mayor de la Plaza de Puerto Rico
Batallón de la Corona de Nueva España (México)
Infantería de Nueva España
Regimiento de Infantería Fijo de México
Dragones de México
Compañías de Caballería del Reino de Chile

All of Mexico

"In a former number of the Living Age, we said that we should be willing to vote for the incorporation of Mexico into our Union."
--- The Living Age 15(177):17 October 2, 1847
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpcoop/moahtml/title/livn.html

Shot Hear 'Round the World - October 3, 1951

The Rivals

Ralph Branca

Bobby Thomson

The shot

Crossing third base

Celebrating

Christy Mathewson, ca. 1910

Christy Mathewson, New York Giants

We were Giants

Whitey Lockman, Davy Williams, Hank Thompson, Alvin Dark, Don Mueller, Willie Mays, Monte Irvin, and Wes Westrum

New York Giants, ca. 1950

The Duke of Flatbush

The Duke of Flatbush, Brooklyn Dodgers

Brooklyn Dodgers pin

***My Linguistic Profile:***

60% General American English
20% Yankee
10% Upper Midwestern
5% Midwestern
0% Dixie

What Kind of American English Do You Speak?http://www.blogthings.com/whatkindofamericanenglishdoyouspeakquiz/

Brooklyn Dodgers stuff

Brooklyn Dodgers pennant

Brooklyn Dodgers, alternate logo 1947

Brooklyn Dodgers patch

Brooklyn Dodgers, 1955

October 3, 1951 - The Shot Hear 'Round the World

The Giants win the pennant!

"Now it is done. Now the story ends. And there is no way to tell it. The art of fiction is dead. Reality has strangled invention. Only the utterly impossible, the inexpressibly fantastic, can ever be plausible again."
--- Red Smith

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_Heard_%27Round_the_World_%28baseball%29

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCI/is_10_60/ai_78033848

See The Shot Hear 'Round the World

Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as Culture and Vice Versa by Marshall Sahlins
(http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/734005.html)

New York Giants - Brooklyn Dodgers

Dodgers Sym-phony Band

Sym-phony members: Lou Dallojacono, Joe Aiello, Dan Wilson, Joe Matty, Jojo Delio

Name:
Lou Dallojacono
Location:
Brooklyn NY 1940s & 50s
Story: The Dodger Sym-phony Band

Old Dodger fans (Brooklyn Dodgers that is) recall a stadium with the character of the neighborhood, packed every day with the most enthusiastic and loyal fans a team could have. One of the standard sights and sounds in those games was the Dodger Sym-phony Band.
According to Lou Dallojacono, one of the band's members, the band appeared at Ebbets fields every day from 1939 until the Dodgers left in '57.

"The first year they wouldn't let us in with our instruments, but we found ways of getting around it," said Lou. "The first guy would pay and go in. He'd then throw down some twine and hoist the instruments one at a time up into the stands.

"When Branch Rickey took over, he saw how popular we were and began to let us in for free. He gave us our own row in section 8 (affectionately known as the "loco section"). There about 10 of us in the band and we'd rotate depending on the time of the game and who worked nights or days. We had a bass drum, cymbals, trumpet, sax, sometimes a trombone. The crowd loved us.

"We'd do what we could to rattle up the other team and have some fun. We'd play our little ditties, start-up chants or make some funny sounds with those instruments. We had a whole repertoire of songs too. We'd start with Take me out to the ball game. When our pitcher was taken out we'd play Who's Sorry Now or Somebody Else is Taking My Place. When one of our guys got a base on balls, we'd break into Would you like to take a walk.

"We had a whole bunch of songs and routines, but I think we're best known for the song we always played for the umps, Three Blind Mice."

http://www.streetplay.com/events/b2b/1999/dodgersymph.htm

Persistencia es la clave

God renews his promise to Jacob, the ancestor of the twelve tribes of Israel. Before confronting his elder brother Esau, Jacob wrestles all night with a mysterious figure who refuses to reveal his name, but he blesses him before leaving him at dawn. From this account, the spiritual tradition of the Church has retained the symbol of prayer as a battle of faith and as the triumph of perseverance.
--- Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2573 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM)

Luke 18 (New International Version)
The Parable of the Persistent Widow

1 Then Jesus told his disciples a parable to show them that they should always pray and not give up. 2 He said: "In a certain town there was a judge who neither feared God nor cared about men. 3 And there was a widow in that town who kept coming to him with the plea, 'Grant me justice against my adversary.'

4 "For some time he refused. But finally he said to himself, 'Even though I don't fear God or care about men, 5 yet because this widow keeps bothering me, I will see that she gets justice, so that she won't eventually wear me out with her coming!' "

6 And the Lord said, "Listen to what the unjust judge says. 7 And will not God bring about justice for his chosen ones, who cry out to him day and night? Will he keep putting them off? 8 I tell you, he will see that they get justice, and quickly. However, when the Son of Man comes, will he find faith on the earth?"

Luke 11 (New International Version)
Jesus' Teaching on Prayer

5 Then he said to them, "Suppose one of you has a friend, and he goes to him at midnight and says, 'Friend, lend me three loaves of bread, 6 because a friend of mine on a journey has come to me, and I have nothing to set before him.'

7 "Then the one inside answers, 'Don't bother me. The door is already locked, and my children are with me in bed. I can't get up and give you anything.' 8 I tell you, though he will not get up and give him the bread because he is his friend, yet because of the man's boldness he will get up and give him as much as he needs.

9 "So I say to you: Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you. 10 For everyone who asks receives; he who seeks finds; and to him who knocks, the door will be opened."

Gírias para mulheres com os seios grandes

Gírias para mulheres com os seios grandes

avantajada
dotada
mamalhuda
peituda
tetuda
vaca leiteira
turbinada (com silicone)
Peitola
Decidida
Leitera
Mooca

Gírias para mulheres atraentes

Gírias para mulheres atraentes

anjo
ataviada
avião
boa
boa como o milho
boazona
boazuda
boeing 747
borracho
carnuda
cavaco silva
conão
delícia
deusa
deixem jogar o mantorras
dos sonhos
gata
gatinha
gostosa
grande tranca
helicóptero ("gira e boa")
kilometro parado
kunami
linda
maravilha
modelo
pachachuda
popozuda
porreiraça
princesa
tchutchuca
tesão
tesouro
tesuda
totosa

El mandamiento más frecuente

No tengas miedo.

-----

Thou Shalt Not be Paralyzed by Fear

I'll bet you will be shocked to learn the commandment that occurs most often in the Torah and the Bible. Shocked!

No, it is not the mitzvah of tzedakah. And it is not the mitzvah of p'ru u'voo - be fruitful and multiply. It is not the mitzvah of success, or of style or popularity. It is not the mitzvah to place a loaf of bread on a dead body if you must move it on Shabbes (there really is such a mitzvah!). It is not the mitzvah to honor your parents, although I want every one of you to do that, and mean that, in the next twenty-four hours.

The commandment which occurs most frequently in our Hebrew bible - the commandment that is repeated most is al tirah, “Be not afraid.” Over 122 times in the Tanach God commands individuals and the whole Jewish people to not be afraid. God commands Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses on several occasions, Joshua before the battle of Jericho; the Israelites at the Red Sea, and when we were preparing for our first battle. God commands it to Jeremiah and other prophets who seek to flee from their assignment; and again to Jeremiah when he is writing to the exile community in Babylon. At every point of danger or destiny in the Tanach, God steps in and commands a person, a prophet or our people, “be not afraid.”

And what God commanded to them then, God is commanding us now. It is not just a commandment, it is our secret weapon: Do not be afraid.

In commanding our forefathers and foremothers, the community of the Exodus, and the community of the First Temple to be not afraid, God does not say that there are no real dangers in life, no failures, no betrayals, no losses, no grief, no sin. There were real dangers, real enemies and real burdens facing our ancestors. Pharaoh, Amalek, The Cannanites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, and after them the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Muslims, Crusaders, Cossacks, Nazis, Soviets, and now Jihadists-all of them were and are fearsome enemies. What God is commanding is not a naïve turning away from real dangers. This is just foolishness. No, what God is commanding us is something much more difficult, but much more enduring. God is telling us, commanding us to face and not fear these dangers. God is telling us not to be paralyzed by them. God cannot make the journey or each of its battles easy, but God can help us to nurture and teach, to hold and to lift up a level of courage that alone will help us complete the journey and win the battles. And what is the source of this courage? The source of the courage to not be afraid is God. The source of the courage to face each day is God. In God is hope; and hope gives us courage, and courage kills fear. Courage trumps fear. Courage is more powerful than fear because God is more powerful than death.

--- Rabbi Clifford E. Librach, United Jewish Center of Danbury

http://www.unitedjewishcenter.org/pages/Sermon-5766KolNidre.html